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Hormones(荷尔蒙)

The word Hormone comes means, "to spur on" which reflects how hormones acts as catalysts for other chemical changes at the cellular level necessary for growth, development, and energy.

Hormones are chemical messengers that carry and travel signals in the blood stream from 1 cell or glands to other tissues and organsto maintain chemical levels in the bloodstream that achieve homeostasis. All cellular organisms produce hormones.

Hormones also regulate the function of their target cells whicht express a receptor for the hormone. The action of hormones is determined by numerous factors such as its pattern of secretion and the response of the receiving tissue (signal transduction response).

Though few hormones circulate dissolved in the blood-stream, most are carried in the blood, bound to plasma proteins. For example, steroid hormones which are highly hydrophobic, are transported bound to plasma proteins.

An Example of antagonistic pairs of hormones is the Insulin, which causes the level of glucose to drop when it has risen and Glucagon causes blood sugar to rise when it has fallen.

There are two major classes of hormones 1. Proteins, Peptides, and modified amino acids 2. Steroids. In general, steroids are sex hormones related to sexual maturation and fertility. Steroids are made from cholesterol by placenta by our adrenal gland or gonads (testes or ovaries). Peptides regulate functions such as sleep and sugar concentration. They are made from long strings of amino acids, so sometimes they are referred to as "protein" hormones. Growth hormone, for example, helps us burn fat and build up muscles. Another peptide hormone, insulin, starts the process to convert sugar into cellular energy.

Hormones so perfectly and efficiently manage homeostasis due to negative feedback cycles. Our goal is to keep the concentration of a certain chemical, such as testosterone, at a constant level for a certain period of time, the way that a thermostat works. Using negative feedback, a change in conditions causes a response that returns the conditions to their original state. When a room's temperature drops, the thermostat responds by turning the heat on. The room returns to the ideal temperature, and the heater turns off, keeping the conditions relatively constant.

Endocrine hormone are secreted into the blood and carried by blood and tissue fluids to the cells they act upon, while exocrine hormones are secreted into a duct, and then into the bloodstream. Exocrine hormones are transferred from cell to cell by diffusion (paracrine signaling).

Hormones work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes in the body, such as Growth & development, Metabolism, Sexual function, Reproduction Mood,

Endocrine glands, etc… The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas. In addition, men produce hormones in their testes and women produce them in their ovaries.

Hormones have large effects and it takes picogram amounts to cause big changes in cells or even your whole body. That is why too much or too little of a certain hormone can cause harsh problems and complications. In Laboratory experiments, one can measure hormone levels in blood, urine or saliva.

The hormone levels circulating in the blood stream are controlled by a homeostatic mechanism, such as 1 hormone stimulates the production of a 2nd, the 2nd suppresses the production of the 1st .

For Instance, FSH stimulates the release of estrogens from the ovarian follicle but at high levels of estrogen itsuppresses the further production of FSH.

1 major class of hormones is the Proteins, Peptides and modified amino acids which are hydrophilic (and mostly large) hormone molecules that bind to receptors on the surface of "target" cells, cells are able to respond to the presence of the hormone. These receptors are transmembrane proteins. Binding of the hormone to its receptor initiates a sequence of intracellular signals that alters the behavior of the cell (opening or closing of the membrane channels) or stimulate (or repress) gene expression in the nucleus by turning on (or off) the promoters and enhancers of the genes.

A hormone binds to a site on the extracellular portion of the receptor which acts as transmembrane protein that pass through the plasma membrane x7, with theN-terminal exposed at the exterior of the cell and the C-terminal projecting into the cytoplasm.

Once the hormone binds to the receptor it activates a G protein associated with the cytoplasmic C-terminal which initiates production of a 2nd messenger such as cyclic AMP, (cAMP)which is produced by adenylyl cyclase from ATP, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)

The 2nd messenger initiates a series of intracellular events such as phosphorylation and activation of enzymes, release of Ca2+ into the cytosol from stores within the endoplasmic reticulum.

cAMP activates the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) which turns on gene transcription. The cell begins to produce the appropriate gene products in response to the hormonal signal it had received at its surface.

Steroid hormones are hydrophobic proteins/peptides and diffuse freely into cells. However, their "target" cells contain cytoplasmic and/or nuclear proteins that serve as receptors of the hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor and the complex binds to hormone response elements - stretches of DNA within the promoters of genes responsive to the hormone. The hormone/receptor complex acts as a transcription factor turning target genes "on" (or "off"). Hormones circulate freely in the bloodstream, waiting to be recognized by a target cell, their intended destination. The target cell has a receptor that can only be activated by a specific type of hormone. Once activated, the cell knows to start a certain function within its walls. Genes might get activated, or energy production resumed. As special categories, autocrine hormones act on the cells of the secreting gland, while paracrine hormones act on nearby, but unrelated, cells.

Hormone secretion is increased (or decreased) by the same substance whose level is decreased (or increased) by the hormone. The rising level of Ca2+ in the blood stream suppresses the production of PTH but a low level of Ca2+ stimulates it.

Products for  Hormones

  1. Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
  2. GP26106 CRHBP (22-322), Human CRHBP Human Recombinant produced in E
  3. GP21236 CRHBP Human Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Binding Protein Human Recombinant
  4. GC92092 CTX-1211 (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Acetyl-Arg-cyclo(Cys-D-Ala-Arg-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Cys)-NH2

    CTX-1211 (trifluoroacetate salt)是黑皮质素受体的肽激动剂。
  5. GC92128 Dapiglutide (sodium salt) Dapiglutide (sodium salt)是一种双胰高血糖素样肽1受体GLP-1R和GLP-2R激动剂。
  6. GP21237 DDAVP Desmopressin
  7. GP21238 Deslorelin Deslorelin
  8. GC49143 Deslorelin (acetate)

    D-Trp6-Pro9-des-Gly10-GnRH ethylamide, pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Trp-Leu-Arg-Pro-NHEt

    A peptide agonist of GnRH
  9. GC49459 Desmopressin (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Adiuretin, DDAVP

    A vasopressin receptor agonist
  10. GP21239 EDN2 Human Endothelin-2 Human Recombinant
  11. GP21240 EDN3 Human Endothelin-3
  12. GP21241 EDN3 Human Endothelin-3 Human Recombinant
  13. GP21242 Elcatonin Elcatonin
  14. GP21243 Exenatide Exenatide
  15. GP21245 FSH

    FSH 是窦状卵泡的主要存活因子,已被认为可以提高 GC 对卵泡闭锁期间氧化应激的抵抗力。

  16. GP21246 FSH Human FSH Human是人重组卵泡刺激激素
  17. GP21247 FSH Porcine 猪卵泡刺激素
  18. GP21248 Ganirelix Ganirelix 是一种竞争性和选择性促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH) 拮抗剂。
  19. GC90534 Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (1-39) (porcine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    GIP (1-39), Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (1-39)

    一种促进胰岛素分泌的物质。

  20. GC90545 Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (1-42) (porcine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    GIP (1-42), Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (1-42)

    一种肽类胰高血糖素激素。

  21. GC90547 Gastric Inhibitory Peptide 1 (3-42) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    GIP-1 (3-42), Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide 3-42

    GIP的肽段和GIP受体拮抗剂

  22. GP21261 GCGR Human Glucagon Receptor Human Recombinant
  23. GC43752 Ghrelin (rat) (acetyl) (trifluoroacetate salt) An acetylated form of ghrelin
  24. GC43753 Ghrelin (rat) (palmitoyl) (trifluoroacetate salt) A palmitoylated form of ghrelin
  25. GC43754 Ghrelin (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide hormone
  26. GP21249 GHRH Human 生长激素释放激素人类
  27. GP21251 GHRL Human Ghrelin Human Recombinant
  28. GP21252 GHRP 2 Human Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 Human
  29. GP21253 GHRP 6 Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6
  30. GP26107 GHRP1 Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-1 Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 5 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 955
  31. GP26108 GHRP4 Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-4 Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 4 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 607
  32. GP26109 GHRP5 Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-5 Synthetic is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 5 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 770
  33. GP21256 GLP 1 Human

    人胰高血糖素样肽-1

  34. GP21255 GLP 1 Human (37 a.a.) Human Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (37 a.a.)
  35. GC91863 GLP-1 (1-32) (bullfrog) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (1-32)

    Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (1-32) is an endogenous incretin hormone.
  36. GC45462 GLP-1 (1-36) amide (human, rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (1-36) amide (human, rat)

    A peptide hormone
  37. GC92088 GLP-1 (28-36) amide (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (28-36) amide; Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-NH2

    胰高血糖素样肽1GLP-1 (28-36) amide (trifluoroacetate salt)是内源性GLP-1R激动剂GLP-1(7-36)酰胺的肽和活性代谢产物。
  38. GC92058 GLP-1 (7-13) (human, mouse, rat, bovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (7-13); His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-OH

    GLP-1 (7-13) (human, mouse, rat, bovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)是内源性肠促胰岛素激素GLP-1的肽片段。
  39. GC92079 GLP-1 (7-15) (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (7-15)

    GLP-1 (7-15) (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)是内源性肠促胰岛素激素GLP-1的肽片段。
  40. GC92093 GLP-1 (7-17) (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (7-17)

    GLP-1 (7-17) (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)是内源性肠促胰岛素GLP-1的肽片段。
  41. GC43762 GLP-1 (7-36) amide (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (7-36) amide

    A GLP-1R agonist
  42. GC43763 GLP-1 (7-37) (human, bovine, guinea pig, mouse, rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (7-37) (human, bovine, guinea pig, mouse, rat)

    An incretin hormone
  43. GP21254 GLP-1 Human (31 a.a.) Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (31 a.a.) Human Recombinant
  44. GC90250 GLP-2 (1-34) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 2 (1-34)

    一种合成的GLP-2肽形式。

  45. GC45463 GLP-2 (1-34) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 2 (1-34)

    A synthetic form of the peptide GLP-2
  46. GC43764 GLP-2 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide-2

    A peptide hormone
  47. GC90251 GLP-2 (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 2

    一种肠道多肽激素GLP-2R的拮抗剂

  48. GC45464 GLP-2 (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Glucagon-like Peptide 2

    A gut peptide hormone antagonist of GLP-2R
  49. GP26110 GLP1R Human GLP1R Human Recombinant produced in E
  50. GP21258 Glucagon (1-29), bovine, human, porcine

    胰高血糖素; Porcine glucagon

    胰高血糖素是一种由 29 个氨基酸组成的肽,由胰腺 α 细胞分泌,以响应低血糖水平。
  51. GP21259 Glucagon Human Glucagon Human Recombinant

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