Pyruvic acid (2-Oxopropanoic acid), an important organic chemical intermediate, is a potential precursor for polymers [1]. Pyruvic acid is converted into carbohydrates through gluconeogenesis, which are further transformed into fatty acids/energy, and ultimately into amino acids, such as alanine and ethanol[2]. Pyruvic acid combines the keratolytic effect of α-keto acids and the humectant effects of lactic acid, and has been widely used as a topical peeling agent to mitigate acne [3].
In vitro, Pyruvic acid treatment (1mM) for 8 hours significantly inhibited Cu2+/Zn2+-induced cell death in GT1-7 cells, alleviated mitochondrial damage, and reduced the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm[4]. Treatment with 10mM Pyruvic acid for 24 hours significantly increased the survival of N-2A cells under 500µM H₂O₂ conditions[5]. Pyruvic acid treatment at 5mM for 48 hours significantly reduced the tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells, induced GSK3β phosphorylation, and activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby leading to a decrease in melanin synthesis[6].
In vivo, Pyruvic acid treatment via intraperitoneal injection at a single dose of 1g/kg 15 minutes before administering sodium sulfide (100mg/kg; i.p.) significantly reduced the mortality rate of mice[7].
References:
[1] Maleki N, Eiteman M A. Recent progress in the microbial production of pyruvic acid[J]. Fermentation, 2017, 3(1): 8.
[2] Pal D, Keshav A, Mazumdar B, et al. Production and recovery of pyruvic acid: recent advances[J]. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series E, 2017, 98(2): 165-175.
[3] Cotellessa C, Manunta T, Ghersetich I, et al. The use of pyruvic acid in the treatment of acne[J]. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2004, 18(3): 275-278.
[4] Tanaka K, Shimoda M, Kawahara M. Pyruvic acid prevents Cu2+/Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity by suppressing mitochondrial injury[J]. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2018, 495(1): 1335-1341.
[5] Mazzio E, Soliman K F A. Pyruvic acid cytoprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, 6-hydroxydopamine and hydrogen peroxide toxicities in vitro[J]. Neuroscience Letters, 2003, 337(2): 77-80.
[6] Zhou S, Sakamoto K. Pyruvic acid/ethyl pyruvate inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells through PI3K/AKT, GSK3β, and ROS‐ERK signaling pathways[J]. Genes to Cells, 2019, 24(1): 60-69.
[7] Dulaney Jr M, Hume A S. Pyruvic acid protects against the lethality of sulfide[J]. Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, 1988, 59(1): 133-136.
Pyruvic acid (2-Oxopropanoic acid)是一种重要的有机化学中间体，也是聚合物的潜在前体[1]。Pyruvic acid通过糖异生作用转化为碳水化合物，随后进一步转化为脂肪酸/能量，并最终转化为丙氨酸和乙醇等氨基酸[2]。Pyruvic acid结合了α-酮酸的角质剥脱作用和乳酸的保湿作用，已被广泛用作局部脱皮剂以减轻痤疮[3]。
在体外，1mM的Pyruvic acid处理GT1-7细胞8小时，显著抑制了Cu2+/Zn2+诱导的细胞死亡，减轻了线粒体损伤，并减少了细胞色素c向细胞质的释放[4]。10mM的Pyruvic acid处理N-2A细胞24小时，显著提高了细胞在500µM H2O2条件下的存活率[5]。5mM的Pyruvic acid处理B16F10细胞48小时，显著降低了酪氨酸酶活性，诱导了GSK3β磷酸化，并激活了PI3K/AKT信号通路，从而导致黑色素合成减少[6]。
在体内，在腹腔注射硫化钠100mg/kg前15分钟，单次腹腔注射1g/kg剂量的Pyruvic acid，显著降低了小鼠的死亡率[7]。