Pulchinenoside A (Anemoside A3)

Pulchinenoside A (Anemoside A3) is a natural triterpenoid saponin derived from Pulsatilla chinensis. Pulchinenoside A improves cognitive function by enhancing hippocampal synaptic plasticity and modulating NMDA receptors^[1-2]. Pulchinenoside A is applicable for research related to neurodegenerative diseases, cerebral ischemia/stroke, and tumors^[3-4].

In vitro, K562 cells were treated with Pulchinenoside A (0-300μM) for 48 hours. Pulchinenoside A significantly inhibited cell proliferation^[5]. Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were pretreated with Pulchinenoside A for 24 hours, followed by stimulation with IL-4 (20ng/mL) to induce M2 polarization. Pulchinenoside A significantly suppressed the expression of the M2 macrophage surface marker CD206 and downregulated the mRNA levels of M2 signature genes, including ARG-1, Fizz1, and Ym1^[6].

In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were treated with Pulchinenoside A (100mg/kg; oral; daily) for 2 weeks. Pulchinenoside A significantly enhanced theta-burst stimulation-induced long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 pathway and improved spatial reference memory formation in the Morris water maze test. In Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, a single oral administration of Pulchinenoside A (100mg/kg) at 6 hours post-ischemia significantly reduced brain infarct volume and improved neurological deficit scores^[7]. 10-week-old female C57BL/6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were treated daily with Pulchinenoside A (100mg/kg; oral) from day 2 post-induction until the end of the experiment (12 days). Pulchinenoside A significantly reduced the clinical disease score and decreased inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in the spinal cord^[8].

References:
[1] Zhang DM, Lin SM, Lau CW, et al. Anemoside A3-induced relaxation in rat renal arteries: role of endothelium and Ca2+ channel inhibition. Planta Med. 2010 Nov;76(16):1814-9.
[2] Gao XD, Ye WC, Yu AC, et al. Pulsatilloside A and anemoside A3 protect PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by sodium cyanide and glucose deprivation. Planta Med. 2003 Feb;69(2):171-4.
[3] Yin L, Fan Z, Liu P, et al. Anemoside A3 activates TLR4-dependent M1-phenotype macrophage polarization to represses breast tumor growth and angiogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2021 Dec 1;432:115755.
[4] Wang CM, Lin ZH, Lin ZQ, et al. Anemoside A3 rapidly reverses depression-like behaviors and weakening of excitatory synaptic transmission in mouse models of depression. J Psychopharmacol. 2019 Jan;33(1):37-50.
[5] Liu M, Zhao X, Xiao L, et al. Cytotoxicity of the compounds isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis saponins and apoptosis induced by 23-hydroxybetulinic acid. Pharm Biol. 2015 Jan;53(1):1-9.
[6] Liu P, Liu Y, Chen L, et al. Anemoside A3 Inhibits Macrophage M2-Like Polarization to Prevent Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Metastasis. Molecules. 2023 Feb 7;28(4):1611.
[7] Ip FC, Fu WY, Cheng EY, et al. Anemoside A3 Enhances Cognition through the Regulation of Synaptic Function and Neuroprotection. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015 Jul;40(8):1877-87.
[8] Ip FCF, Ng YP, Or TCT, et al. Anemoside A3 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating T helper 17 cell response. PLoS One. 2017 Jul 31;12(7):e0182069.

Pulchinenoside A (Anemoside A3)是一种来源于白头翁的天然三萜皂苷。Pulchinenoside A可通过增强海马突触可塑性和调节NMDA受体来改善认知功能^[1-2]。Pulchinenoside A可用于神经退行性疾病、脑缺血/中风和肿瘤的相关研究^[3-4]。

在体外，Pulchinenoside A（0-300μM）处理K562细胞48小时。Pulchinenoside A能显著抑制细胞增殖 ^[5]。Pulchinenoside A预处理小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞（BMDM）24小时，随后以IL-4（20ng/mL）刺激诱导M2型极化。Pulchinenoside A可显著抑制M2型巨噬细胞表面标志物CD206的表达，并下调M2型特征基因ARG-1、Fizz1和Ym1的mRNA水平^[6]。

在体内，Pulchinenoside A（100mg/kg；每日口服）处理C57BL/6小鼠2周。Pulchinenoside A显著增强了海马CA3-CA1通路的θ波爆发刺激诱导的长时程增强，并改善了其在莫里斯水迷宫测试中的空间参考记忆形成；Pulchinenoside A（100mg/kg；单次口服）在缺血后6小时给予Sprague-Dawley大鼠，显著减小了脑梗死体积并改善了神经功能缺损评分^[7]。Pulchinenoside A（100mg/kg；每日口服）处理10周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠，从实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）诱导后第二天开始直至实验结束（12天）。Pulchinenoside A能显著降低疾病的临床评分，并减少脊髓中的炎症浸润和脱髓鞘病变^[8]。