Triolein (1,2,3-Trioleoyl-rac-glycerol)

Triolein (1,2,3-Trioleoyl-rac-glycerol) is a triglyceride that has been utilized in the study of lipid metabolism-related processes^[1]. Triolein can serve as a model substrate to investigate the digestion, absorption, and transport of fats within the body^[2]. The content of Triolein and other related indicators hold significant reference value for assessing the quality and characteristics of oils and fats. Triolein is one of the key factors in measuring the nutritional components and related qualities of oils^[3]. Additionally, Triolein can be employed as a carrier in the construction of drug delivery systems, aiding in the effective transportation and targeted release of drugs^[4].

In vitro, pre-treatment of the human bulge stem cell line Tel-E6E7 with Triolein (20µM) for 24 hours, followed by UVB irradiation (6.8mJ/cm²), significantly inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) in fibroblasts^[5]. Pre-treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with Triolein (10µM) for 24 hours, followed by stimulation with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL, 50µg/ml) for 24 hours, significantly increased cell viability, reduced apoptosis, inhibited the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin mRNA, enhanced the antioxidant defense system, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)^[6].

In vivo, a single dose of Triolein (65%; 2mL) was administered via gastric gavage to lactating rats that had been starved for 18 hours and then re-fed. Triolein significantly inhibited the activation of lipogenesis in the mammary gland during re-feeding, decreased glucose uptake, increased glucose 6-phosphate concentration, and decreased fructose 1,6-bisphosphate concentration^[7]. Triolein (40mg/kg) was orally administered to C57BL/6J mice starting at 8-10 weeks of age and continued for 10 days. Triolein significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, enhanced neurological recovery, inhibited the activation of M1 microglia and inflammatory response, and suppressed autophagy following ischemic stroke via the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway^[8].

References:
[1] Tajima S, Yokoyama S, Yamamoto A. Mechanism of action of lipoprotein lipase on triolein particles: effect of apolipoprotein C-II. J Biochem. 1984 Dec;96(6):1753-67.
[2] Shirai K, Ohsawa I, Ishikawa Y, et al. Human plasma carboxyl esterase-catalyzed triolein hydrolysis. Existence of promoting factor in serum. J Biol Chem. 1985 May 10;260(9):5225-7.
[3] Warner K, Neff WE, Byrdwell WC, et al. Effect of oleic and linoleic acids on the production of deep-fried odor in heated triolein and trilinolein. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Feb;49(2):899-905.
[4] Zhang Z, Fang X, Hao J, et al. Triolein-based polycation lipid nanocarrier for efficient gene delivery: characteristics and mechanism. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:2235-44.
[5] Leirós GJ, Kusinsky AG, Balañá ME, et al. Triolein reduces MMP-1 upregulation in dermal fibroblasts generated by ROS production in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci. 2017 Feb;85(2):124-130.
[6] Luo T, Deng ZY, Li XP, et al. Triolein and trilinolein ameliorate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Lipids. 2014 May;49(5):495-504.
[7] Mercer SW, Williamson DH. Rapid inhibition by intragastric triolein of the re-activation of glucose utilization and lipogenesis in the mammary gland during the starved-refed transition in lactating rats. Evidence for a direct effect of oral lipid on mammary tissue. Biochem J. 1988 Feb 15;250(1):269-76.
[8] Wang C, Li Y, Zhang Y, Smerin D, et al. Triolein alleviates ischemic stroke brain injury by regulating autophagy and inflammation through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol Med. 2024 Dec 6;30(1):242.

Triolein (1,2,3-Trioleoyl-rac-glycerol)是一种甘油三酯，被用于研究脂质代谢相关过程^[1]。Triolein可作为模型底物来探究脂肪在体内的消化、吸收以及转运等情况^[2]。Triolein含量等指标对于评估油脂的品质、特性等方面有着重要参考价值，是衡量油脂营养成分以及相关品质的关键因素之一^[3]。Triolein也可以作为载体等应用于一些药物的递送体系构建，帮助实现药物的有效运输以及靶向释放等^[4]。

在体外，Triolein（20µM）预处理人毛囊隆突干细胞系Tel-E6E7 24小时，随后以UVB（6.8mJ/cm²）辐射，1,2,3-Trioleoyl-rac-glycerol显著抑制促炎因子IL-6的表达，同时降低活性氧（ROS）的生成，并减少基质金属蛋白酶1（MMP1）在成纤维细胞中的表达^[5]。Triolein（10µM）预处理人脐静脉内皮细胞24小时，随后以氧化型低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL，50µg/ml）刺激24小时，Triolein显著提高细胞活力，降低细胞凋亡率，抑制细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）和E-选择素mRNA表达，同时增强抗氧化防御系统，降低丙二醛（MDA）含量，提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）活性^[6]。

在体内，Triolein（65%；2mL）通过胃管单剂量给药，用于处理18小时禁食后重新喂食的泌乳期大鼠。Triolein显著抑制了泌乳期大鼠在重新喂食期间乳腺组织中脂肪生成的激活，同时降低了葡萄糖的摄取，增加了葡萄糖6-磷酸的浓度，降低了果糖1,6-二磷酸的浓度 ^[7]。Triolein（40mg/kg）通过口服给药，用于处理8-10周龄开始直至10天后的C57BL/6J小鼠。Triolein显著减少了脑梗死体积，增强了神经功能恢复，抑制了M1型小胶质细胞的激活和炎症反应，并通过AKT/mTOR信号通路抑制了缺血性中风后的自噬^[8]。