γ-Mangostin is a xanthone that has been found in G. mangostana and has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4 It scavenges 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals in vitro with an IC50 value of 23.6 μM.1 γ-Mangostin is cytotoxic to HL-60, SMMC-7721, A549, MCF-7, and SW480 cancer cells and BEAS-2B non-cancerous pulmonary epithelial cells in vitro (IC50s = 7.39, 6.57, 10.07, 5.33, 8.4, and 7.43 μM, respectively).2 It inhibits LPS-induced expression of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in human macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner.3 Macrophage-conditioned media from macrophages pre-incubated with γ-mangostin (30 μM) prior to stimulation with LPS has a reduced ability to induce inflammation and insulin resistance in primary human adipocytes. γ-Mangostin (5 and 10 mg/kg) inhibits carbon tetrachloride-induced increases in serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and decreases in hepatic superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) activity and glutathione (GSH) content in a mouse model of liver fibrosis.4
1.Li, X.Comparative study of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH?) scavenging capacity of the antioxidant xanthones familyChemistry Select3(46)13081-13086(2018) 2.Chi, X.-Q., Zi, C.-T., Li, H.-M., et al.Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships of mangostin analogs as cytotoxic agentsRSC Adv.8(72)41377-41388(2018) 3.Bumrungpert, A., Kalpravidh, R.W., Chuang, C.-C., et al.Xanthones from mangosteen inhibit inflammation in human macrophages and in human adipocytes exposed to macrophage-conditioned mediaJ. Nutr.140(4)842-847(2010) 4.Wang, A., Zhou, F., Li, D., et al.γ-Mangostin alleviates liver fibrosis through Sirtuin 3-superoxide-high mobility group box 1 signaling axisToxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.363142-153(2019)