Ticagrelor

Animal experiment:

Rats: Prasugrel (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and ticagrelor (30 mg/kg, p.o.), doses that produced similar levels of inhibition of platelet aggregation, are administered to rats 4 h before the bleeding time measurements. Fresh, washed platelets (1 × 1010 platelets/mL) are prepared from other rats and suspended in Hank's balanced salt solution. Platelets are transfused via the jugular vein to rats 1 h before the bleeding time measurements and the bleeding time is determined[3]. [2]Mice: Female BALB/c mice are inoculated subcutaneously in the fourth mammary pad with 4T1 breast cancer cells. Once a tumor is palpable, mice receive daily injections of PBS or ticagrelor (10 mg/kg). One week later, mice undergo primary tumor resection. At 28 days mice are sacrificed and lungs, femurs and tibiae harvested. Dissociated cells from lung and bone marrow are plated in medium containing 60 μM 6-thioguanine. After 14 days, culture plates are fixed with methanol and stained with 0.03% methylene blue to enumerate metastatic 4T1 colonies[2].

References:

[1]. Aungraheeta R, et al. Inverse agonism at the P2Y12 receptor and ENT1 transporter blockade contribute to platelet inhibition by ticagrelor. Blood. 2016 Dec 8;128(23):2717-2728.
[2]. Gebremeskel S, et al. The reversible P2Y12 inhibitor ticagrelor inhibits metastasis and improves survival in mouse models of cancer. Int J Cancer. 2015 Jan 1;136(1):234-40.
[3]. Sugidachi A, et al. A comparison of the pharmacological profiles of prasugrel and ticagrelor assessed by platelet aggregation, thrombus formation and haemostasis in rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2013 May;169(1):82-9.