Xanthine是一种天然存在的嘌呤碱基，广泛存在于茶叶和可可等植物中，也是生物体内嘌呤代谢途径的关键中间体。
Cas No.:69-89-6
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Xanthine is a naturally occurring purine base widely found in plants such as tea and cocoa, and Xanthine serves as a key intermediate in the purine metabolic pathway within living organisms[1-2]. Xanthine is primarily generated from guanine through deamination catalyzed by guanine deaminase or from hypoxanthine via oxidation catalyzed by Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), and is further metabolized to uric acid[3-4].
In vitro, treatment of 8-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat cerebellar granule neurons with Xanthine (100μM) combined with Xanthine oxidase (0.02U/ml) for 1 or 6 hours, Xanthine significantly reduced cell viability and induced atrophy of cell bodies and synaptic morphology[5]. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with Xanthine (3-100μM) for 15 minutes, Xanthine activated the platelet-activating factor pathway via Xanthine oxidase-derived hydrogen peroxide, leading to enhanced neutrophil-endothelial adhesion[6].
In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of Xanthine (500mg/kg) to C57BL/6J mice (every three days for 20 days), Xanthine induced hippocampus-dependent spatial memory deficits and a tendency toward anxiety-like behavior, while upregulating the expression of hemoglobin genes (such as Hba-a1 and HBA2) in hippocampal neurons, resulting in cognitive and behavioral abnormalities[7].
References:
[1] POMALES R, ELION GB, HITCHINGS GH. XANTHINE AS A PRECURSOR OF NUCLEIC ACID PURINES IN THE MOUSE. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1965 Mar 15;95:505-6.
[2] Kanemitsu H, Tamura A, Kirino T, et al. Xanthine and uric acid levels in rat brain following focal ischemia. J Neurochem. 1988 Dec;51(6):1882-5.
[3] Zhang A, Ai L. Xanthine negatively regulates c-MYC through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2025 Feb;21(1):3-11.
[4] Fan KQ, Li YY, Wang HL, et al. Stress-Induced Metabolic Disorder in Peripheral CD4+ T Cells Leads to Anxiety-like Behavior. Cell. 2019 Oct 31;179(4):864-879.e19.
[5] Fatokun AA, Stone TW, Smith RA. Hydrogen peroxide mediates damage by xanthine and xanthine oxidase in cerebellar granule neuronal cultures. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Apr 6;416(1):34-8.
[6] Ichikawa H, Wolf RE, Aw TY, et al. Exogenous xanthine promotes neutrophil adherence to cultured endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1997 Aug;273(2 Pt 1):G342-7.
[7] Kambe J, Miyata S, Li C, et al. Xanthine-induced deficits in hippocampal behavior and abnormal expression of hemoglobin genes. Behav Brain Res. 2023 Jul 9;449:114476.
Xanthine是一种天然存在的嘌呤碱基，广泛存在于茶叶和可可等植物中，也是生物体内嘌呤代谢途径的关键中间体[1-2]。Xanthine主要由鸟嘌呤经鸟嘌呤脱氨酶脱氨生成，或由次Xanthine经黄嘌呤氧化还原酶（XOR）催化氧化产生，并进一步代谢为尿酸[3-4]。
在体外，Xanthine（100μM）与黄嘌呤氧化酶（0.02U/ml）联合处理8日龄Sprague-Dawley大鼠小脑颗粒神经元1或6小时，显著降低细胞存活率并诱发细胞体及神经突触形态萎缩[5]。Xanthine（3-100μM）处理人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）15分钟，通过黄嘌呤氧化酶源性过氧化氢激活血小板活化因子通路，诱导中性粒细胞与内皮细胞黏附增强[6]。
在体内，Xanthine（500mg/kg）腹腔注射处理C57BL/6J小鼠（每3天一次，持续至20天），Xanthine诱导海马依赖性空间记忆缺陷和焦虑样行为倾向，并上调海马神经元中血红蛋白基因（如Hba-a1和HBA2）的表达，导致认知与行为异常[7]。
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
Cell lines | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) |
Preparation Method | HUVECs were cultured in M199 medium supplemented with 20% FBS, 2mM L-glutamine, 100U/mL penicillin, and 100μg/mL streptomycin at 37°C, 5% CO₂. Cells were treated with Xanthine (3-100μM) for 15 minutes. |
Reaction Conditions | 3-100μM; 15min |
Applications | Xanthine, through Xanthine oxidase-derived hydrogen peroxide, activated the platelet-activating factor (PAF) pathway, leading to enhanced neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. This effect was associated with upregulation of endothelial P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. The adhesion process was dependent on cell surface Xanthine oxidase and could be inhibited by catalase, Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, or PAF receptor antagonists. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
Animal models | C57BL/6 mice |
Preparation Method | Mice were intraperitoneally administered Xanthine (500mg/kg) every three days. Behavioral tests (open field test, elevated plus maze test, and object location test) were conducted during the treatment period. Hippocampal tissues were collected after transcardial perfusion for transcriptomic analysis. |
Dosage form | 500mg/kg; i.p.; every three days for 20 days. |
Applications | Xanthine administration induced hippocampus-dependent spatial memory deficits in the object location test and a tendency toward anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze test. |
References: | |
| Cas No. | 69-89-6 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 黄嘌呤 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | O=C(N1)NC2=C(N=CN2)C1=O | ||
| 分子式 | C5H4N4O2 | 分子量 | 152.11 |
| 溶解度 | 5 mg/mL in Water (ultrasonic and warming and adjust pH to 10 with 1M NaOH and heat to 60°C)；8 mg/mL in 1M NaOH (ultrasonic and adjust pH to 11 with NaOH) | 储存条件 | Store at 2-8°C |
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 6.5742 mL | 32.8709 mL | 65.7419 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.3148 mL | 6.5742 mL | 13.1484 mL |
| 10 mM | 657.4 μL | 3.2871 mL | 6.5742 mL |
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动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
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| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
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- Purity: >98.00% Appearance: A solid
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