Theophylline is a nonselective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor blocker, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator.
References:
[1]. Deree J, et al. Insights into the regulation of TNF-alpha production in human mononuclear cells: the effects of non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibition. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008 Jun;63(3):321-8.
[2]. Marques LJ, et al. Pentoxifylline inhibits TNF-alpha production from human alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Feb;159(2):508-11.
[3]. Daly JW, et al. Adenosine receptors: development of selective agonists and antagonists. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;230:41-63.
















