Satratoxin G is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin that has been found in S. chartarum.1,2 It induces cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in HL-60 cells when used at a concentration of 40 nM and is cytotoxic to HepG2, Hep-2, Caco-2, A204, U937, and Jurkat cells (IC50s = 2.2-9.7 ng/ml).3,4 Intranasal administration of satratoxin G (500 μg/kg) induces apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons in olfactory epithelium and ethmoid turbinate expression of the genes encoding IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MIP-2 in mice.2 Satratoxin G induces lethality in 4 week-old male mice (LD50 = 1.23 mg/kg, i.p.).1
|1. Yoshizawa, T., Ohtsubo, K., Sasaki, T., et al. Acute toxicities of satratoxins G and H in mice--a histopathological observation with special reference to the liver injury caused by satratoxin G. Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol. 23, 53-57 (1986).|2. Islam, Z., Harkema, J.R., and Pestka, J.J. Satratoxin G from the black mold Stachybotrys chartarum evokes olfactory sensory neuron loss and inflammation in the murine nose and brain. Environ. Health Perspect. 114(7), 1099-1107 (2006).|3. Nagase, M., Shiota, T., Tsushima, A., et al. Molecular mechanism of satratoxin-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells: Activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9 is involved in activation of caspase-3. Immunol. Lett. 84(1), 23-27 (2002).|4. Nielsen, C., Casteel, M., Didier, A., et al. Trichothecene-induced cytotoxicity on human cell lines. Mycotoxin Res. 25(2), 77-84 (2009).