Biliverdin (hydrochloride)

Biliverdin is a green bile pigment produced from the oxidation of heme in a reaction catalyzed by heme oxygenase and is further reduced to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.[1][2] Biliverdin regulates the cellular heme degradation process by inhibiting substrates from binding to the catalytic site of heme oxygenase. Bile pigments such as biliverdin are known to possess anti-mutagenic and antioxidant properties.[3][4]

Reference:
[1]. Liu, Y., Moënne-Loccoz, P., Loehr, T.M., et al. Heme oxygenase-1, intermediates in verdoheme formation and the requirement for reduction equivalents. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 272, 6909-6917 (1997).
[2]. Maines, M.D. The heme oxygenase system: A regulator of second messenger gases. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 37, 517-554 (1997).
[3]. Bulmer, A.C., Ried, K., Blanchfield, J.T., et al. The anti-mutagenic properties of bile pigments. Mutation Research 658(1-2), 28-41 (2008).
[4]. Mölzer, C., Huber, H., Steyrer, A., et al. In vitro antioxidant capacity and antigenotoxic properties of protoporphyrin and structurally related tetrapyrroles. Free Rad.Res. 46(11), 1369-1377 (2012).