Proanthocyanidins are oligo- or polymers of monomeric flavan-3-ols produced as end products of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Proanthocyanidins are condensed tannins with various pharmacological properties [1,2]. Proanthocyanidins are commonly used in research related to antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial research.
In vitro, Proanthocyanidins (50μg/mL; 12h) reduced H2O2 level in 0.50mM H2O2-treated macrophage J774A.1 cells and neuronal PC-12 cells by 36% and 50%, respectively [3]. Proanthocyanidins (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0μg/mL; 12h, 24h, and 48h) substantially reduced H2O2-induced cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and activation and translocation of NFκβ/p65 in cultured HLEB-3 cells [4].
In vivo, Proanthocyanidins (10mg/kg; oral; 6 weeks) reduced the serum concentrations of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and reduced the serum level of glucose and glycosylated protein in a db/db type 2 diabetes model [5].
References:
[1]. Rauf, Abdur, et al. "Proanthocyanidins: A comprehensive review." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 116 (2019): 108999.
[2]. Mizuno, Mirei, et al. "Synthesis and antioxidant activity of a procyanidin B3 analogue." Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 27.4 (2017): 1041-1044.
[3]. Bagchi, D., et al. "Hydrogen peroxide‐induced modulation of intracellular oxidized states in cultured macrophage J774A. 1 and neuroactive PC‐12 cells, and protection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract." Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives 12.8 (1998): 568-571.
[4]. Jia, Zhiyan, et al. "Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract protects human lens epithelial cells from oxidative stress via reducing NF-кB and MAPK protein expression." Molecular vision 17 (2011): 210.
[5]. Lee, Young A., Eun Ju Cho, and Takako Yokozawa. "Effects of proanthocyanidin preparations on hyperlipidemia and other biomarkers in mouse model of type 2 diabetes." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56.17 (2008): 7781-7789.
Proanthocyanidins是黄酮类生物合成途径的终产物，是单体黄烷-3-醇的低聚物或聚合物。Proanthocyanidins是具有多种药理特性的缩合单宁[1,2]。Proanthocyanidins常用于抗氧化、抗癌、抗糖尿病、神经保护和抗微生物等研究领域。
在体外，Proanthocyanidins（50μg/mL；12h）可使0.50mM H2O2处理的巨噬细胞J774A.1和神经细胞PC-12中的H2O2水平分别降低36%和50%[3]。Proanthocyanidins (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0μg/mL; 12h, 24h, and 48h)能显著降低过氧化氢诱导的HLEB-3细胞凋亡、氧化应激以及NFκβ/p65的活化和转位[4]。
在体内，Proanthocyanidins（10mg/kg；口服；6周）可降低db/db型2型糖尿病模型小鼠血清中甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）和非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）的浓度，并降低血清葡萄糖和糖化蛋白水平[5]。