Naproxen sodium is a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor [1], with an ex vivo IC50 value of 35.48 μmol/L to cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition regarding naproxen plasma levels, and an ex vivo IC50 value of 64.62 µmol/L to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) regarding naproxen plasma levels [2].
COX enzymes showed to be important for satellite cell fusion, proliferation and differentiation. COX-2 inhibition alone produced decreased satellite cell proliferation. Inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 decreased the fusion and differentiation of satellite cell [1].
Treatment with naproxen (0.5-1.5 mM) or licofelone (100-150 µM) was applied. After 48 h, the evaluation of HCA-7 cell viability was determined with trypan blue exclusion assay. Naproxen significantly decreased HCA-7 cell viability with an IC50 value of 1.45 ± 0.07 mM, and licofelone with an IC50 value of 72 ± 3.6 µM [3].
In four volunteers, 220 mg naproxen sodium b.i.d. was applied for 7 days. After a single dose and at steady state, maximal inhibition was as follows: 79% and 85% (COX-2), 94% and 93% (COX-1). In 2 of 4 volunteers applied with a single-dose administration, a greater than 95% COX-1 inhibition was transiently found at the time of maximal plasma concentration. In 1 of 4 volunteers throughout the 12-hour dose interval, a greater than 95% COX-1 inhibition was transiently found at steady state [2].
Treatments with placebo (PL) for 3 months or naproxen sodium (Nxs) 550 mg twice each day by mouth was applied to forty women suffering from Menstrual Migraine (MM). In the next 3 months, in an open study, active drug was applied to all the women. Compared to PL, treatment with Nxs significantly reduced the number of days of headache, the headache duration and intensity, and the analgesic consumption [4].
References:
[1]. Mendias CL, Tatsumi R and Allen RE. Role of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and fusion. Muscle Nerve, 2004, 30(4):497-500.
[2]. Hinz B, Cheremina O, Besz D, et al. Impact of naproxen sodium at over-the-counter doses on cyclooxygenase isoforms in human volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2008, 46(4):180-6.
[3]. Sances G, Martignoni E, Fioroni L, et al. Naproxen sodium in menstrual migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Headache, 1990, 30(11):705-9.
[4]. Tavolari S, Bonafè M, Marini M, et al. Licofelone, a dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor, induces apoptosis in HCA-7 colon cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway independently from its ability to affect the arachidonic acid cascade. Carcinogenesis, 2008, 29(2):371-80.