λ-Carrageenan is a galactan polysaccharide that exists in the intercellular matrix of red algae. λ-Carrageenan has a variety of bioactivities, such as anticoagulant, antiviral, antithrombotic, antibacterial, cholesterol - lowering, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antihyperlipidemic effects. λ-Carrageenan is also used for treating stomach ulcers and has antioxidant properties[1].
In vitro, λ-Carrageenan (0, 10, 50 and 100μg/ml; 12h or 1h) dose-dependently decreased the endocytosis of dendritic cells (DCs), promoted DC maturation and increased cytokine production through TLR4 mediated signaling pathway[2]. When the cultured human L - cells (NCI - H716) were deprived of glucose and serum overnight and then exposed to high glucose, 10% fetal bovine serum, and λ-Carrageenan (1µg/ml; 10min, 1h, and 24h), the mRNA expression of proglucagon and the secretion of glucagon-like peptide - 1 (GLP - 1) in these cells were significantly reduced compared with the control cells that were not exposed to λ-Carrageenan[3].
In vivo, Oral administration of λ-Carrageenan (0.001%; 16 days; p.o.) can alleviate ear swelling in hapten-induced atopic dermatitis model mice and significantly inhibit mast cell hyperplasia in the local skin[4]. λ-Carrageenan (50mg/kg; 20 days) inhibits tumor growth in B16-F10 and 4T1 bearing mice[5].
References:
[1] Ha HT, Cuong DX, Thuy LH, et al. Carrageenan of Red Algae Eucheuma gelatinae: Extraction, Antioxidant Activity, Rheology Characteristics, and Physicochemistry Characterization. Molecules. 2022 Feb 14;27(4):1268.
[2] Li J, Aipire A, Li J, et al. λ-Carrageenan improves the antitumor effect of dendritic cellbased vaccine. Oncotarget. 2017 May 2;8(18):29996-30007.
[3] Bhattacharyya S, Borthakur A, Tobacman JK. Common food additive carrageenan inhibits proglucagon expression and GLP-1 secretion by human enteroendocrine L-cells. Nutr Diabetes. 2024 May 16;14(1):28.
[4] Iwasaki T, Watarai S. Oral λ-carrageenan intake alleviates skin symptoms in a hapten induced atopic dermatitis-like model. J Vet Med Sci. 2020 Dec 5;82(11):1639-1642.
[5] Luo M, Shao B, Nie W, et al. Antitumor and Adjuvant Activity of λ-carrageenan by Stimulating Immune Response in Cancer Immunotherapy. Sci Rep. 2015 Jun 22;5:11062.
λ-Carrageenan是一种存在于红藻细胞间质中的半乳聚糖多糖。λ-Carrageenan具有多样化的生物活性，例如抗凝血、抗病毒、抗血栓、抗菌、降胆固醇、抗肿瘤、免疫调节以及降高脂血症等功效。λ-Carrageenan还被用于治疗胃溃疡，并且具有抗氧化特性[1]。
在体外实验中，λ-Carrageenan（0, 10, 50和100μg/ml; 12小时或1小时）剂量依赖性地降低了树突状细胞（DCs）的吞噬作用，通过TLR4介导的信号通路促进DC成熟并增加细胞因子的产生[2]。当培养的人L细胞（NCI-H716）在过夜剥夺葡萄糖和血清后暴露于高葡萄糖、10%胎牛血清以及λ-Carrageenan（1µg/ml; 10分钟, 1小时和24小时），与未暴露于λ-Carrageenan的对照细胞相比，这些细胞中胰高血糖素原的mRNA表达以及胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）的分泌显著降低[3]。
在体内实验中，口服λ-Carrageenan（0.001%; 16天; 口服）可以减轻致敏物诱导的特应性皮炎模型小鼠的耳部肿胀，并显著抑制局部皮肤中肥大细胞的增殖[4]。λ-Carrageenan（50mg/kg; 20天）可抑制B16-F10和4T1荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长[5]。