Ginsenoside F1

Ginsenoside F1 is a secondary metabolite extracted from ginseng and is a desugared derivative of ginsenoside Rg1 ^[1]. Ginsenoside F1 promotes NK cell cytotoxic activity through an insulin-like growth factor-1-dependent mechanism ^[2]. Ginsenoside F1 is mainly used to treat cancer and inflammation ^[3].

In Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), Ginsenoside F1 (20, 40μM; 24h) promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of HUVECs ^[4]. In HEK293 cells, Ginsenoside F1 (50, 100, 200µg/mL; 4h) significantly suppressed the proliferation of B16 melanoma up to 60% at 200µg/mL ^[5]. In HaCat cells, Ginsenoside F1 (1, 5, 10, 50μM; 24h) protects HaCat cells from UVB-induced apoptosis ^[6]. In SH-SY5Y cells, Ginsenoside F1 (2.5, 5, 10μM; 24h) Reduces Aβ_1–42-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cells ^[7].

In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model mice, Ginsenoside F1 (20mg/kg; po; 8 weeks) improves memory function in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) double-transgenic AD model mice ^[8]. In high fat diet induced ApoE-/- atherosclerosis mice, Ginsenoside F1 (50mg/kg; ig; 8 weeks) improves endothelial cell inflammatory injury and prevents atherosclerosis in mice via A20-mediated inhibition of NF-kB signaling ^[9]. In ob/ob mice, administration of ginsenoside F1 (60mg/kg; ig; 5 weeks) augments thermogenesis to lower blood glucose and lipid ^[10].

References:
[1]. Meragelman TL, Renteria BS, Silva GL, et al. Modified secoiridoid from Acicarpha tribuloides and inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-activated macrophages. Phytochemistry. 2006 Jul 1; 67(14): 1534-1538.
[2]. Kwon HJ, Lee H, Choi GE, et al. Ginsenoside F1 promotes cytotoxic activity of NK cells via insulin-like growth factor-1-dependent mechanism. Frontiers in Immunology. 2018 Nov 28; 9: 2785.
[3]. Li J, Li F, Jin D. Ginsenosides are promising medicine for tumor and inflammation: A review. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2023 Apr 17; 51(04): 883-908.
[4]. Zhang J, Liu M, Huang M, et al. Ginsenoside F1 promotes angiogenesis by activating the IGF-1/IGF1R pathway. Pharmacological Research. 2019 Jun 1; 144: 292-305.
[5]. Yoo DS, Rho HS, Lee YG, et al. Ginsenoside F1 modulates cellular responses of skin melanoma cells. Journal of Ginseng Research. 2011; 35(1): 86-91.
[6]. Lee EH, Cho SY, Kim SJ, et al. Ginsenoside F1 protects human HaCaT keratinocytes from ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis by maintaining constant levels of Bcl-2. Journal of investigative dermatology. 2003 Sep 1; 121(3): 607-613.
[7]. Yun YJ, Park BH, Hou J, et al. Ginsenoside F1 protects the brain against amyloid beta-induced toxicity by regulating IDE and NEP. Life. 2022 Jan 1; 12(1): 58.
[8]. Han J, Oh JP, Yoo M, et al. Minor ginsenoside F1 improves memory in APP/PS1 mice. Molecular Brain. 2019 Dec; 12: 1-8.
[9]. Qin M, Luo Y, Lu S, et al. Ginsenoside F1 ameliorates endothelial cell inflammatory injury and prevents atherosclerosis in mice through A20-mediated suppression of NF-kB signaling. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2017 Dec 22; 8: 953.
[10]. Meng Y, Li W, Hu C, et al. Ginsenoside F1 administration promotes UCP1-dependent fat browning and ameliorates obesity-associated insulin resistance. Food Science and Human Wellness. 2023 Nov 1; 12(6): 2061-2072.

Ginsenoside F1是从人参中提取的次级代谢产物，是人参皂苷Rg1的脱糖衍生物 ^[1]。Ginsenoside F1通过胰岛素样生长因子1依赖的机制促进NK细胞的细胞毒活性 ^[2]。Ginsenoside F1主要用于治疗癌症和炎症 ^[3]。

在人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）中，Ginsenoside F1（20、40μM；24h）可促进HUVEC的增殖、迁移和侵袭 ^[4]。在HEK293细胞中，Ginsenoside F1（50、100、200μg/mL；4h）在200μg/mL浓度下显著抑制了B16黑色素瘤的增殖，最高抑制率为60% ^[5]。在HaCat细胞中，Ginsenoside F1（1、5、10、50μM；24h）可保护HaCat细胞免受UVB诱导的细胞凋亡 ^[6]。在SH-SY5Y细胞中，Ginsenoside F1（2.5、5、10μM；24h）可降低Aβ_1-42诱导的神经元细胞毒性 ^[7]。

在阿尔茨海默病（AD）模型小鼠中，Ginsenoside F1（20mg/kg；po；8周）可改善APPswe/PSEN1dE9（APP/PS1）双转基因AD模型小鼠的记忆功能 ^[8]。在高脂饮食诱导的ApoE-/-动脉粥样硬化小鼠中，Ginsenoside F1（50 mg/kg；ig；8周）可通过A20介导的NF-kB信号抑制改善内皮细胞炎症损伤，预防小鼠动脉粥样硬化 ^[9]。在ob/ob小鼠中，给予Ginsenoside F1（60 mg/kg；ig；5周）可增强产热作用，从而降低血糖和血脂 ^[10]。