Valsartan D9

Animal experiment:

Rats: Rats are randomly divided into two groups: (i) valsartan-treated group that is given intravenously 3 mg/kg/day valsartan in 0.5 mL normal saline via the vein daily for 1 week; (ii) hydralazine-treated group receiving 0.2 mg/kg/day hydralazine injection in saline; and (iii) control group that receives saline injection in the same way (n=15 for each group)[4]. Mice: Valsartan is dissolved in water containing 0.5% methylcellulose solution. Valsartan (5-40 mg/kg/d) is administered by oral (p.o.) route in a volume of 10 mL/kg body weight using the gavage technique. Potential alteration in blood pressure in response to chronic treatment with valsartan is assessed with a commercial blood pressure analysis systemdesigned. The mice are trained for at least 2 consecutive days to adapt to the apparatus before the study is initiated. To record the blood pressure, the mice are placed on a heated pad (35°C) and measured with a programmable tail-cuff sphygmomanometer in steady state. The average of 10 readings from each mouse is recorded[5].

References:

[1]. Shan H, et al. Valsartan ameliorates ageing-induced aorta degeneration via angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated ERK activity. J Cell Mol Med. 2014 Jun;18(6):1071-80.
[2]. Wang Y, et al. Valsartan blocked alcohol-induced, Toll-like receptor 2 signaling-mediated inflammation in human vascular endothelial cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 Oct;38(10):2529-40.
[3]. Sui X, et al. Novel mechanism of cardiac protection by valsartan: synergetic roles of TGF-β1 and HIF-1α in Ang II-mediated fibrosis after myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med. 2015 Aug;19(8):1773-82.
[4]. Jiang Y, et al. Cardioprotective effect of valsartan in mice with short-term high-salt diet by regulating cardiac aquaporin 1 and angiogenic factor expression. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2015 Jul-Aug;24(4):224-9.
[5]. Ping G, et al. Valsartan reverses depressive/anxiety-like behavior and induces hippocampal neurogenesis and expression of BDNF protein in unpredictable chronic mild stress mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014 Sep;124:5-12.