5'-GTP trisodium salt is an activator of G protein signaling and a high-energy nucleotide unit for DNA and RNA biosynthesis[1]. 5'-GTP trisodium salt is involved in many important physiological processes, such as cell differentiation and metabolic regulation[2]. 5'-GTP trisodium salt is commonly used in studies related to biosynthesis and neurite outgrowth[3][4].
In vitro, 5'-GTP trisodium salt (100μM; 24-96h) induces S-phase arrest, monocytic/macrophagic differentiation (CD11b/CD14 upregulation, NBT positivity), and subsequent apoptosis in human leukemia U937 and KG1 cells[5]. Treatment of human muscle precursor cells with 5'-GTP trisodium salt (500μM; 24h) upregulates myomiRs (miR-133a/b) and Myogenin expression, induces the release of guanosine-loaded exosomes, and promotes early myogenic differentiation[6]. 5'-GTP trisodium salt (0.5mM; 48h) arrests proliferation, induces dendrite-like process extension and strongly increases melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells[7].
References:
[1] Wolczyk M, Szymanski J, Trus I, et al. 5' terminal nucleotide determines the immunogenicity of IVT RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025;53(3):gkae1252.
[2] Guarnieri S, Pilla R, Morabito C, et al. Extracellular guanosine and GTP promote expression of differentiation markers and induce S-phase cell-cycle arrest in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2009;27(2):135-147.
[3] Kaziro Y. The role of guanosine 5'-triphosphate in polypeptide chain elongation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978;505(1):95-127.
[4] Gysbers JW, Guarnieri S, Mariggiò MA, Pietrangelo T, Fanò G, Rathbone MP. Extracellular guanosine 5' triphosphate enhances nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth via increases in intracellular calcium. Neuroscience. 2000;96(4):817-824.
[5] Yazdanparast R, Moosavi MA, Mahdavi M, Lotfi A. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate induces differentiation-dependent apoptosis in human leukemia U937 and KG1 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2006;27(9):1175-1184.
[6] Pietrangelo T, Di Filippo ES, Locatelli M, et al. Extracellular Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Induces Human Muscle Satellite Cells to Release Exosomes Stuffed With Guanosine. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:152.
[7] Giotta GJ, Smith JR, Nicolson GL. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate inhibits growth and stimulates differentiated functions in B16 melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res. 1978;112(2):385-393.
5'-GTP trisodium salt是G蛋白信号传导的激活剂，也是DNA和RNA生物合成的高能核苷酸单体[1]。5'-GTP trisodium salt参与细胞分化、代谢调节等多种重要生理过程[2]。5'-GTP trisodium salt常用于生物合成及神经突起生长等研究[3][4]。
体外实验中，5'-GTP trisodium salt（100μM；24-96h）可诱导人白血病U937和KG1细胞发生S期阻滞，向单核/巨噬细胞分化（CD11b/CD14上调、NBT阳性），并随后凋亡[5]。以5'-GTP trisodium salt（500μM；24h）处理人肌源性前体细胞，可上调myomiR（miR-133a/b）和Myogenin表达，促使细胞释放富含鸟苷的外泌体，并促进早期肌源性分化[6]。5'-GTP trisodium salt（0.5mM；48h）可抑制B16黑色素瘤细胞增殖，诱导其伸出树突状突起并显著增加黑色素合成[7]。