Gardenia yellow is a commonly used natural food coloring material with excellent water solubility properties [1]. Gardenia yellow has a potential capacity for DNA damage and could increase a number of sister chromatid exchange [2]. Gardenia yellow has been widely used as an internal reference for developing novel separation processes and purification techniques to prepare related compounds with high purity[3].
In vitro, Gardenia yellow treatment (400μM) for 20 hours significantly inhibited the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as well as the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and the downstream signaling molecules[4].
In vivo, Gardenia yellow treatment via oral administration at a dose of 4.50g/kg/day for 90 days resulted in weight loss, pigment deposition in several important organs, and significant kidney damage in rats[5]. Oral administration of Gardenia yellow at a dose of 40mg/kg/day for two consecutive weeks improved neuroinflammation and restored liver mitochondrial function in corticosterone-induced depression mice[6]. Oral administration of Gardenia yellow at a dose of 40mg/kg daily for 3 weeks significantly attenuated diquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis in C57BL/6 male mice, accompanied by reduced collagen deposition[7].
References:
[1] Xu W, Yu J, Feng W, et al. Selective extraction of gardenia yellow and geniposide from Gardenia jasminoides by mechanochemistry[J]. Molecules, 2016, 21(5): 540.
[2] Ozaki A, Kitano M, Furusawa N, et al. Genotoxicity of gardenia yellow and its components[J]. Food and chemical Toxicology, 2002, 40(11): 1603-1610.
[3] Chen J F, Fu G M, Wan Y, et al. Enrichment and purification of gardenia yellow from Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino by column chromatography technique[J]. Journal of Chromatography B, 2012, 893: 43-48.
[4] Zhao C, Kam H T, Chen Y, et al. Crocetin and its glycoside crocin, two bioactive constituents from Crocus sativus L.(saffron), differentially inhibit angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cytoskeleton organization and cell migration through VEGFR2/SRC/FAK and VEGFR2/MEK/ERK signaling pathways[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2021, 12: 675359.
[5]Tang X, Wang Y, Yang W, et al. Acute and subchronic oral toxicity study of gardenia yellow E500 in sprague-dawley rats[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, 17(2): 531.
[6] Xiao Q, Xiong Z, Yu C, et al. Antidepressant activity of crocin-I is associated with amelioration of neuroinflammation and attenuates oxidative damage induced by corticosterone in mice[J]. Physiology & behavior, 2019, 212: 112699.
[7] Xi S, Li X, Chen W, et al. Crocin-I mitigates diquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis via activation of the SIRT3/FOXO3a pathway[J]. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2025, 186: 118043.
Gardenia yellow是一种常用的天然食用色素，具有良好的水溶性特性[1]。Gardenia yellow具有潜在的DNA损伤能力，可增加姐妹染色单体交换次数[2]。Gardenia yellow目前已作为参照物广泛应用于开发新型分离纯化技术以制备高纯度相关化合物[3]。
在体外，使用400μM的Gardenia yellow处理人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs) 20小时，能显著抑制细胞迁移和管状结构形成，并降低VEGFR2及下游信号分子的磷酸化水平[4]。
在体内，每日口服4.50g/kg/day剂量的Gardenia yellow连续90天，可导致大鼠体重减轻、多器官色素沉积及显著肾损伤[5]。连续两周每日口服40mg/kg/day剂量的Gardenia yellow，能改善corticosterone 诱导的抑郁小鼠神经炎症并恢复肝线粒体功能[6]。连续三周每日口服40mg/kg剂量的Gardenia yellow，可显著减轻diquat诱导的C57BL/6雄性小鼠肺纤维化，并减少胶原沉积[7]。