Betanin is a red glycoside extracted from beets. It is a water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigment that can be used as a food colorant[1]. Betanin is unstable and easily degraded under light and high temperature[2]. Betanin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and also has neuroprotective effects[3].
In vitro, Betanin (10-80µM) treatment of human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562 cells for 12-48h dose- and time-dependently inhibited cell viability, induced cell apoptosis, induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, and reduced membrane potential[4]. Betanin (15μM) treatment of THP-1 cells for 24h significantly induced the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA in cells[5].
In vivo, oral administration of Betanin (100mg/kg) to a neurodegenerative disease model mouse for 2 weeks had a significant anxiolytic effect, prevented hippocampal CA1 degeneration and changes in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and improved spatial learning and memory impairment[6]. Oral administration of Betanin (20mg/kg) to a hyperlipidemic diet-induced oxidative stress rat for 20 days reduced liver malondialdehyde content, increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, and reversed liver tissue damage[7].
References:
[1] Coy-Barrera E. Analysis of betalains (betacyanins and betaxanthins)[M]//Recent advances in natural products analysis. Elsevier, 2020: 593-619.
[2] Azeredo H M C. Betalains: properties, sources, applications, and stability–a review[J]. International journal of food science & technology, 2009, 44(12): 2365-2376.
[3] Thong-Asa W, Puenpha K, Lairaksa T, et al. Neuroprotective effects of betanin in mice with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury[J]. Experimental Animals, 2023, 72(3): 336-345.
[4] Sreekanth D, Arunasree M K, Roy K R, et al. Betanin a betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia Cell line-K562[J]. Phytomedicine, 2007, 14(11): 739-746.
[5] Muramatsu D, Uchiyama H, Higashi H, et al. Effects of heat degradation of betanin in red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) on biological activity and antioxidant capacity[J]. Plos one, 2023, 18(5): e0286255.
[6] Thong-Asa W, Prasartsri S, Klomkleaw N, et al. The neuroprotective effect of betanin in trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration in mice[J]. Metabolic Brain Disease, 2020, 35: 1395-1405.
[7] da Silva D V T, Pereira A D A, Boaventura G T, et al. Short-term betanin intake reduces oxidative stress in wistar rats[J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11(9): 1978.
Betanin是一种从甜菜中提取的红色糖苷，是一种水溶性含氮色素，可用作食品着色剂[1]。Betanin不稳定，在光照和高温下易降解[2]。Betanin具有抗炎和抗氧化活性，还具有神经保护作用[3]。
在体外，Betanin（10-80µM）处理人类慢性粒细胞白血病细胞系K562细胞12-48h，剂量和时间依赖性地抑制了细胞活力，诱导了细胞凋亡，诱导了细胞色素c从线粒体释放到细胞溶胶中，降低了膜电位[4]。Betanin（15μM）处理THP-1细胞24h，显著诱导了细胞中 IL-1β 、 IL-8和 IL-10 mRNA的表达[5]。
在体内，Betanin（100mg/kg）通过口服治疗神经退行性疾病模型小鼠2周，具有显著的抗焦虑作用，预防了海马CA1变性和胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT）活性改变，改善了空间学习和记忆障碍[6]。Betanin（20mg/kg）通过口服治疗高脂血症饮食诱导的氧化应激大鼠20天，降低了肝脏丙二醛含量，增加了超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性，逆转了肝组织损伤[7]。