ATX-II TFA is a specific Na+ channel Modulator toxin that can be isolated from the venom of sea anemone (Anemonia sulcata). ATX-II TFA causes delayed inactivation of the Na+Ryanodine . ATX-II TFA also induces pulmonary vein arrhythmogenesis and atrial fibrillation.
References:
[1]. Fletcher JE, et al. ATX II, a sodium channel toxin, sensitizes skeletal muscle to halothane, caffeine, and ryanodine. Anesthesiology. 1999 May;90(5):1294-301.
[2]. Lu YY, et al. ATX-II-induced pulmonary vein arrhythmogenesis related to atrial fibrillation and long QT syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest. 2012 Aug;42(8):823-31.
















