TN1 is a potent fetal hemoglobin (HbF) inducer.
A high-throughput screen of a large chemical library identifies a 2,6-diamino-substituted purine, TN1, which induces fetal hemoglobin (HbF) more potently than hydroxyurea in KU812 and K562 leukemia cell lines.TN1 increases HbF protein in both leukemic KU812 and K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner. At 100 nM concentration, Western blot analysis indicated that TN1 increased γ-globin expression (2.9- and 3.7-fold increase in KU812 cell and K562 cell, respectively) to higher levels than 50-100 μM HU (1.8- and 1.9-fold increase in KU812 cell and K562 cell, respectively), the first drug approved for the treatment of SCD. The EC50 value for TN1-mediated HbF induction is approximately three orders of magnitude lower than that of HU (HU: EC50=50-100 μM; TN1: EC50=100 nM). In addition, TN1 is more potent than a number of previously reported small-molecule HbF inducers including sodium butyrate and other histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. At the concentrations tested, TN1, as well as hemin and HU, increase γ-globin mRNA transcription (greater than fourfold), indicating that TN1 increases γ-globin levels at both the transcriptional and protein level. The time course of TN1-induced γ-globin mRNA and protein synthesis is measured and both increase after approximately 24 h of treatment. TN1 also induces β-globin mRNA in addition to γ-globin mRNA, similar to hydroxyurea[1].
[1]. Nam TG, et al. Identification and characterization of small-molecule inducers of fetal hemoglobin. ChemMedChem. 2011 May 2;6(5):777-80.