Rhodamine 123 (chloride) is a cell-permeable cationic fluorescent probe that specifically recognizes mitochondrial membrane potential, with maximum excitation/emission light of 507/529nm[1]. Rhodamine 123 is a highly efficient mitochondrial fluorescent dye, mainly used to study mitochondrial function, cell viability and multidrug resistance (MDR) detection[2]. Rhodamine 123 can selectively accumulate in the mitochondria of living cells. When the mitochondrial membrane potential is normal, its fluorescence intensity is positively correlated with the membrane potential. When the mitochondria are depolarized, the dye is released into the cytoplasm, resulting in a decrease in fluorescence[3]. Rhodamine 123 is a typical ABC transporter substrate, especially P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In multidrug-resistant tumor cells, due to the active P-gp, these cells will excrete Rhodamine 123, resulting in a decrease in intracellular fluorescence intensity[4]. At a certain concentration, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are often used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells and microorganisms[5].
References:
[1]Casto D, Le T, Glaser D D. RE: Rhodamine-123: A Novel Cationic Mitochondrial Probe[J]. 2011.
[2]Reungpatthanaphong P, Dechsupa S, Meesungnoen J, et al. Rhodamine B as a mitochondrial probe for measurement and monitoring of mitochondrial membrane potential in drug-sensitive and-resistant cells[J]. Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods, 2003, 57(1): 1-16.
[3]Shapiro H M. Membrane potential estimation by flow cytometry[J]. Methods, 2000, 21(3): 271-279.
[4]Ludescher C, Thaler J, Drach D, et al. Detection of activity of P‐glycoprotein in human tumour samples using rhodamine 123[J]. British journal of haematology, 1992, 82(1): 161-168.
[5]Zeng S, Liu X, Kafuti Y S, et al. Fluorescent dyes based on rhodamine derivatives for bioimaging and therapeutics: recent progress, challenges, and prospects[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2023.
Rhodamine 123 (chloride)是一种细胞渗透性阳离子荧光探针，特异性识别线粒体膜电位，最大激发光/发射光为507/529nm[1]。Rhodamine 123是一种高效的线粒体荧光染料，主要用于研究线粒体功能、细胞活力以及多药耐药性（MDR）的检测[2]。Rhodamine 123能够选择性积累在活细胞线粒体中，在线粒体膜电位正常时，其荧光强度与膜电位呈正相关，在线粒体去极化时，染料释放到胞质中，导致荧光减少[3]。Rhodamine 123是一种典型的ABC转运蛋白底物，特别是P-糖蛋白（P-glycoprotein, P-gp），在多药耐药的肿瘤细胞中，由于P-gp活跃，这类细胞会将Rhodamine 123排出，导致细胞内荧光强度降低[4]。在一定浓度下，罗丹明染料对细胞的毒性较低，因此常用于检测动物细胞、植物细胞和微生物中的线粒体[5]。