Putrescine (polyamines, spermidine and spermine) are organic cations of low molecular weight, it have important roles in cellular growth, cell differentiation, modulation of enzyme activities, regulation of ion channels and in the control of DNA and protein synthesis[1-2].
Putrescine(100 ng/ml) promoted induction of immature bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs), along with the increased phagocytosis and migration, and altered cytokine secretion in immature BMDCs [3]. Putrescine(0.5mM) improved the mitochondrial function of both oocyte and CCs via antioxygenation and the regulation of glucose metabolism [4-5]. Putrescine(100 μM) shifts L-arginine-metabolism related-genes on BALB/c macrophages and affects infection by L. amazonensis[6].
Putrescine produces antidepressant-like effects. Putrescine (1-10 mg/kg, i.p) significantly reduced the immobility time both in the mouse forced swimming test (FST) and in the tail suspension test (TST), two models predictive of antidepressant activity [7]. Putrescine(100 μM;24h) elicits ROS-dependent activation of the salicylic acid pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana[8].
References:
[1]. Park MH, Igarashi K. Polyamines and their metabolites as diagnostic markers of human diseases. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2013 Jan;21(1):1-9. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.097. PMID: 24009852; PMCID: PMC3762300.
[2]. Bird J, Mohd-Hidir S,et,al. Putrescine--a potent endogenous anti-inflammatory substance in inflammatory exudates. Agents Actions. 1983 Jun;13(4):342-7. doi: 10.1007/BF01971486. PMID: 6613748.
[3]. Huang P, Wang M, et,al. Putrescine accelerates the differentiation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells via inhibiting phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023 Mar;116:109739. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109739. Epub 2023 Jan 26. PMID: 36706590.
[4]. Xu W, Li L, et,al. Putrescine delays postovulatory aging of mouse oocytes by upregulating PDK4 expression and improving mitochondrial activity. Aging (Albany NY). 2018 Dec 16;10(12):4093-4106. doi: 10.18632/aging.101699. PMID: 30554191; PMCID: PMC6326651.
[5]. Tao Y, Tartia A, et,al. Can peri-ovulatory putrescine supplementation improve egg quality in older infertile women? J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019 Mar;36(3):395-402. doi: 10.1007/s10815-018-1327-x. Epub 2018 Nov 22. PMID: 30467617; PMCID: PMC6439130.
[6]. Zanatta JM, Acuña SM, et,al. Putrescine supplementation shifts macrophage L-arginine metabolism related-genes reducing Leishmania amazonensis infection. PLoS One. 2023 Mar 31;18(3):e0283696. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283696. PMID: 37000792; PMCID: PMC10065296.
[7]. Zomkowski AD, Santos AR, et,al. Putrescine produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test and in the tail suspension test in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Dec 30;30(8):1419-25. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.05.016. Epub 2006 Jul 5. PMID: 16822602.
[8]. Liu C, Atanasov KE, et,al. Putrescine elicits ROS-dependent activation of the salicylic acid pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Environ. 2020 Nov;43(11):2755-2768. doi: 10.1111/pce.13874. Epub 2020 Sep 14. PMID: 32839979.
Putrescine腐胺(多胺、亚精胺和精胺)是一种低分子量的有机阳离子，它们在细胞生长、细胞分化、调节酶活性、调节离子通道以及控制DNA和蛋白质合成等方面具有重要作用[1-2]。
Putrescine (100 ng/ml)促进未成熟骨髓源性DC (BMDCs)的诱导，同时增加未成熟骨髓源性DC的吞噬和迁移，改变未成熟骨髓源性DC的细胞因子分泌[3]。Putrescine (0.5mM)通过抗氧化和调节葡萄糖代谢改善卵母细胞和CCs的线粒体功能[4-5]。Putrescine (100 μM)改变BALB/c巨噬细胞上l -精氨酸代谢相关基因，影响亚马逊乳杆菌感染[6]。
Putrescine产生类似抗抑郁的作用。Putrescine (1-10 mg/kg, i.p)在小鼠强迫游泳试验(FST)和悬尾试验(TST) (两种预测抗抑郁的模型)中显著减少静止时间 [7]。Putrescine (100 μM;24h)可诱导拟南芥中水杨酸通路的ROS依赖性激活[8]。