(±)-1,2-Propanediol (1,2-(RS)-Propanediol)

(±)-1,2-Propanediol (1,2-(RS)-Propanediol) is an aliphatic alcohol that is frequently used as an excipient in many active molecule formulations to increase the solubility and stability of the active molecules. (±)-1,2-Propanediol can be used in research in the food industry, skincare industry, and pharmaceutical field^[1-4].

In vitro, KB cells were treated with (±)-1,2-Propanediol (0.1-1M) for 72 hours. (±)-1,2-Propanediol significantly inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, and its toxicity was lower than that of diethylene glycol but higher than that of ethylene glycol^[5]. HEK293t cells expressing hTRPA1 or rTRPV1 were treated with (±)-1,2-Propanediol (1%-15%), and cell currents were immediately detected. (±)-1,2-Propanediol significantly activated the TRPA1 and TRPV1 ion channel activities of the cells, generating inward currents^[6].

In vivo, male mice were treated with (±)-1,2-Propanediol (27-41mmol/kg; i.p.) 20 minutes before the elevated plus maze test. (±)-1,2-Propanediol significantly increased the number of entries into open arms and the number of head dips over open arm edges in mice, significantly reducing anxiety-like behavior^[7]. NMRI mice were pretreated with (±)-1,2-Propanediol (50% solution; 10ml/kg; oral) 80 minutes and 20 minutes before acetaminophen challenge. (±)-1,2-Propanediol significantly prevented acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, reducing serum ALT and liver-to-body weight ratio^[8].

References:
[1] Jacob SE, Scheman A, McGowan MA. Propylene Glycol. Dermatitis. 2018 Jan-Feb;29(1):3-5.
[2] Funk JO, Maibach HI. Propylene glycol dermatitis: re-evaluation of an old problem. Contact Dermatitis. 1994 Oct;31(4):236-41.
[3] Zhang M, Zhang MW, Zhang L, et al. Methyl jasmonate and its potential in cancer therapy. Plant Signal Behav. 2015;10(9):e1062199.
[4] McGowan MA, Scheman A, Jacob SE. Propylene Glycol in Contact Dermatitis: A Systematic Review. Dermatitis. 2018 Jan-Feb;29(1):6-12.
[5] Mochida K, Gomyoda M. Toxicity of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and propylene glycol to human cells in culture. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1987 Jan;38(1):151-3.
[6] Niedermirtl F, Eberhardt M, Namer B, et al. Etomidate and propylene glycol activate nociceptive TRP ion channels. Mol Pain. 2018 Jan-Dec;14:1744806918811699.
[7] Lin HQ, Burden PM, Johnston GA. Propylene glycol elicits anxiolytic-like responses to the elevated plus-maze in male mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;50(10):1127-31.
[8] Thomsen MS, Loft S, Roberts DW, et al. Cytochrome P4502E1 inhibition by propylene glycol prevents acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity in mice without cytochrome P4501A2 inhibition. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995 Jun;76(6):395-9.

(±)-1,2-Propanediol (1,2-(RS)-Propanediol)是一种脂肪族醇，在许多活性分子制剂中经常被用作赋形剂以增加活性分子的溶解性和稳定性。(±)-1,2-Propanediol可用于食品工业、护肤品行业和医药领域的研究^[1-4]。

在体外，(±)-1,2-Propanediol（0.1-1M）处理KB细胞72小时。(±)-1,2-Propanediol显著抑制细胞生长，其抑制作用呈剂量依赖性，且毒性低于二甘醇但高于乙二醇^[5]。(±)-1,2-Propanediol（1%-15%）处理表达hTRPA1或rTRPV1的HEK293t细胞，并立即检测细胞电流情况。(±)-1,2-Propanediol显著激活细胞的TRPA1和TRPV1离子通道活性，产生内向电流^[6]。

在体内，(±)-1,2-Propanediol（27-41mmol/kg；i.p.）处理雄性小鼠20分钟后进行的高架十字迷宫测试。(±)-1,2-Propanediol显著增加了小鼠进入开放臂的次数和头部探出开放臂边缘的次数，(±)-1,2-Propanediol显著降低小鼠的焦虑行为^[7]。在对乙酰氨基酚攻毒前80分钟和20分钟，对NMRI小鼠预处理(±)-1,2-Propanediol（50%溶液；10ml/kg；口服）。(±)-1,2-Propanediol显著防止了对乙酰氨基酚引起的肝毒性，(±)-1,2-Propanediol减低血清ALT和肝体比^[8]。