Palmitoyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride) is a deuterated form of palmitoyl-L-carnitine, primarily used as an internal standard in mass spectrometry for the normalization in lipid analysis[1][2]. Palmitoyl-L-carnitine is a long-chain acylcarnitine as a major energy donor for β-oxidation, its transport into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by camitine palmitoyl transferase II[3]. Palmitoyl-L-carnitine is mainly used in the field of fatty acid metabolism[4] and mitochondrial function[5] .
Palmitoyl-L-carnitine (10µM; 10min) treatment can depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, opened the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and increased ROS generation of rat ventricular myocytes[5]. In SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, treatment with 5μM palmitoyl-L-carnitine for 24h enhanced tau phosphorylation, increased mitochondrial fission, and elevated intracellular calcium levels[6].
Palmitoyl-L-carnitine chloride (5mg/kg) significantly enhanced the bioavailability of cefoxitin in different intestinal regions of rats, boosting it by 22-fold in the jejunum, 16-fold in the ileum, and over 32-fold in the colon[7].
References:
[1]. Kurokin I, Lauer AA, Janitschke D, et al. Targeted Lipidomics of Mitochondria in a Cellular Alzheimer's Disease Model. Biomedicines. 2021 Aug 21;9(8):1062. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9081062. PMID: 34440266; PMCID: PMC8393816.
[2]. Lauer AA, Griebsch LV, Pilz SM, et al. Impact of Vitamin D3 Deficiency on Phosphatidylcholine-/Ethanolamine, Plasmalogen-, Lyso-Phosphatidylcholine-/Ethanolamine, Carnitine- and Triacyl Glyceride-Homeostasis in Neuroblastoma Cells and Murine Brain. Biomolecules. 2021 Nov 15;11(11):1699. doi: 10.3390/biom11111699. PMID: 34827697; PMCID: PMC8615687.
[3]. Woeltje KF, Esser V, Weis BC, et al. Inter-tissue and inter-species characteristics of the mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase enzyme system. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 25;265(18):10714-9. PMID: 2355017.
[4]. Arduini A, Mancinelli G, Ramsay RR. Palmitoyl-L-carnitine, a metabolic intermediate of the fatty acid incorporation pathway in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Nov 30;173(1):212-7. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81043-5. PMID: 2256917.
[5]. Tominaga H, Katoh H, Odagiri K, et al. Different effects of palmitoyl-L-carnitine and palmitoyl-CoA on mitochondrial function in rat ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008 Jul;295(1):H105-12. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01307.2007. Epub 2008 May 9. PMID: 18469143.
[6]. Yoon G, Kam MK, Koh YH, Jo C. Palmitoyl-L-carnitine induces tau phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells. PLoS One. 2024 Nov 13;19(11):e0313507. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313507. PMID: 39536002; PMCID: PMC11560007.
[7]. Sutton SC, LeCluyse EL, Cammack L, Fix JA. Enhanced bioavailability of cefoxitin using palmitoyl L-carnitine. I. Enhancer activity in different intestinal regions. Pharm Res. 1992 Feb;9(2):191-4. doi: 10.1023/a:1018977021183. PMID: 1553340.
Palmitoyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride)是Palmitoyl-L-carnitine的氘化形式，主要在质谱脂质分析中用作内标[1][2]。Palmitoyl-L-carnitine是一种长链酰基肉碱，是β-氧化的主要能量供体，其进入线粒体基质的运输由肉碱棕榈酰转移酶II促进[3]。Palmitoyl-L-carnitine目前主要用于脂肪酸代谢[4]和线粒体功能[5]领域的研究。
Palmitoyl-L-carnitine (10µM; 10min) 处理可使大鼠心室肌细胞的线粒体膜电位去极化，线粒体通透性转换孔打开，并增加ROS生成[5]。在SH-SY5Y神经元细胞中，使用5μM Palmitoyl-L-carnitine处理24小时，可以增强tau蛋白磷酸化、线粒体分裂，并提高了细胞内钙离子水平[6]。
Palmitoyl-L-carnitine (5 mg/kg)显著增强了头孢西丁在大鼠不同肠道区域的生物利用度，在空肠中提高了22倍，在回肠中提高了16倍，在结肠中提高了超过32倍[7]。