Fructosyl-lysine (Fructoselysine) dihydrochloride is an amadori glycation product from the reaction of glucose and lysine by the Maillard reaction. Fructosyl-lysine dihydrochloride is the precursor to glucosepane, a lysine-arginine protein cross-link that can be an indicator in diabetes detection[1].
Fructosyl-lysine dihydrochloride (5 mM; 0.5 hours) catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of [14C]fructoselysine to anionic products suggesting the existence of a fructoselysine-kinase activity in E .coli extracts[2].Fructosyl-lysine dihydrochloride (100 μM; 1 hour) contains a carbohydrate moiety and appears to be phosphorylated, it can be converted to glucose 6-phosphate in bacterial extracts in E .coli extracts[2].Fructosyl-lysine dihydrochloride (25 mM; 25 hours) lets E. coli growth at a rate of about one-third of that observed with glucose as a carbon source. Lysine itself does not support growth in the absence of other carbon source and does not affect the growth observed with glucose[2].
Fructosyl-lysine dihydrochloride and AGE residues is increased markedly in glomeruli, retina, sciatic nerve, and plasma protein in diabetic rats[1].
[1]. Rabbani N, et al. Hidden complexities in the measurement of fructosyl-lysine and advanced glycation end products for risk prediction of vascular complications of diabetes. Diabetes. 2015 Jan;64(1):9-11. [2]. Karachalias N, et al. Accumulation of fructosyl-lysine and advanced glycation end products in the kidney, retina and peripheral nerve of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biochem Soc Trans. 2003 Dec;31(Pt 6):1423-5.