Deltamethrin is a type II synthetic pyrethroid that is used as an insecticide and acaricide worldwide [1]. Deltamethrin mainly acts on voltage-sensitive sodium channel, affecting the activation and inactivation mechanism, thereby causing conduction disorders of nerve excitability and neurological dysfunction[2]. Deltamethrin is widely used against a wide range of ectoparasites (i.e. lice, flies and ticks) to protect crops, fruits, vegetables and fish from pests and parasites in terrestrial and aquaculture industries[3].
In vitro, Deltamethrin treatment for 24 hours significantly inhibited the viability of SH-SY5Y cells with an IC50 value of 760μM[4]. Deltamethrin treatment at 10μM for 1 hour enhanced Nrf2 mRNA expression in PC12 cells, and promoted Nrf2 accumulation in the nucleus[5]. Treatment of Jurkat cells with 1μM Deltamethrin for 18 hours significantly inhibited cell viability, resulting in a significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, accompanied by an increase in caspase-3 activity[6].
In vivo, Deltamethrin treatment via oral administration at a dose of 18mg/kg/day for 15 days can lead to a significant decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver and kidneys of Swiss albino male mice[7]. A single oral dose of 1mg/kg Deltamethrin for 48 hours caused endoplasmic reticulum stress in the hippocampus of adult mice, and led to a reduction in the number of immature neurons[8].
References:
[1] Lu Q, Sun Y, Ares I, et al. Deltamethrin toxicity: A review of oxidative stress and metabolism[J]. Environmental research, 2019, 170: 260-281.
[2] Shi T, Zhang Q, Chen X, et al. Overview of deltamethrin residues and toxic effects in the global environment[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2024, 46(8): 271.
[3] Pulman D A. Deltamethrin: the cream of the crop[J]. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2011, 59(7): 2770-2772.
[4] Romero A, Ramos E, Castellano V, et al. Cytotoxicity induced by deltamethrin and its metabolites in SH-SY5Y cells can be differentially prevented by selected antioxidants[J]. Toxicology in vitro, 2012, 26(6): 823-830.
[5] Li H Y, Wu S Y, Shi N. Transcription factor Nrf2 activation by deltamethrin in PC12 cells: involvement of ROS[J]. Toxicology letters, 2007, 171(1-2): 87-98.
[6] Sharma N, Banerjee S, Mazumder P M. Evaluation of the mechanism of anticancer activity of deltamethrin in Jurkat-J6 cell line[J]. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 2018, 149: 98-103.
[7] Rehman H, Ali M, Atif F, et al. The modulatory effect of deltamethrin on antioxidants in mice[J]. Clinica Chimica Acta, 2006, 369(1): 61-65.
[8] Hossain M M, Belkadi A, Zhou X, et al. Exposure to deltamethrin at the NOAEL causes ER stress and disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice[J]. Neurotoxicology, 2022, 93: 233-243.
Deltamethrin是一种II型合成拟除虫菊酯类化合物，在全球范围内作为杀虫剂和杀螨剂[1]。Deltamethrin主要通过作用于电压敏感性钠离子通道，影响通道的激活和失活机制，导致神经兴奋性传导紊乱和神经功能障碍[2]。Deltamethrin广泛应用于陆生和水产养殖业，用于防治虱、蝇、蜱等体外寄生虫，保护作物、水果、蔬菜和鱼类免受害虫侵袭[3]。
在体外，Deltamethrin处理24小时可显著抑制SH-SY5Y细胞活力，IC50值为760μM[4]。10μM的Deltamethrin处理PC12细胞1小时能促进Nrf2 mRNA表达并促进Nrf2在细胞核内累积[5]。1μM的Deltamethrin处理Jurkat细胞18小时会显著抑制细胞活力，导致细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平升高并伴随caspase-3活性增加[6]。
在体内，雄性白化瑞士小鼠每日口服Deltamethrin（18mg/kg/day；持续15天）后，肝脏和肾脏的抗氧化酶活性显著降低[7]。成年小鼠单次口服1mg/kg剂量的Deltamethrin（48小时）可引起海马内质网应激，并导致未成熟神经元数量减少[8]。