Delphinidin (chloride)

Delphinidin (chloride) is one of the common monomeric forms of anthocyanins, isolated from berries and red wine^[1]. Delphinidin (chloride) induces apoptosis of HCT116 cells by regulating the functional status of JAK/STAT3 and MAPK signaling pathways^[2]. Delphinidin (chloride) can block ERK pathway kinase phosphorylation and inhibit JNK signaling pathway activation^[3].

In vitro, Delphinidin (chloride) (100μM) treatment of MSK cells for 24 hours effectively inhibits the repair of adenine adducts mainly induced by DBP^[4]. Delphinidin (chloride) (10, 20 and 30μM) treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells for 22 hours effectively inhibits cell migration^[5]. Delphinidin (chloride) (50μg/mL and 100μg/mL) treatment of triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA231, MDA468) and HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells (SKBR3, BT474) for 3-4 weeks significantly blocks their anchorage-independent growth and migration ability^[6].

In vivo, oral administration of Delphinidin (chloride) (15mg/kg/day) to APP/PS1 model mice for 8 weeks can improve cognitive deficits in mice, reduce synaptic loss, and alleviate Aβ pathology^[7]. Delphinidin (chloride) (50μg/kg/day) administered via intraperitoneal injection to hαSYN mice for 9 weeks can downregulate innate immune activity in mice, inhibit the activation of CD11b⁺ microglia, increase the number of anti-inflammatory CD8⁺ regulatory T cells, reduce dopaminergic neuron damage, restore striatal dopamine metabolism, and alleviate abnormal motor function in mice^[8].

References:
[1]Nyman NA, et al. Determination of anthocyanidins in berries and red wine by high-performance liquid chromatography[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2001, 49(9): 4183-4187.
[2]Zhang Z, et al. Delphinidin modulates JAK/STAT3 and MAPKinase signaling to induce apoptosis in HCT116 cells[J]. Environ Toxicol, 2021, 36(8): 1557-1566.
[3]Hou DX, Kai K, Li JJ, et al. Anthocyanidins inhibit activator protein 1 activity and cell transformation: structure–activity relationship and molecular mechanisms[J]. Carcinogenesis, 2004, 25: 29-36.
[4]Guttenplan JB, Chen KM, Sun YW, et al. Effects of Black Raspberry Extract and Berry Compounds on Repair of DNA Damage and Mutagenesis Induced by Chemical and Physical Agents in Human Oral Leukoplakia and Rat Oral Fibroblasts[J]. Chem Res Toxicol, 2017, 30(12): 2159-2164.
[5]Wang J, Akizuki K, Ozaki H, et al. Natural polyphenols that selectively inhibit CaM kinase phosphatase (CaMKP/PPM1F/POPX2) suppress cancer cell migration[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2026, 814.
[6]Ozbay T, Nahta R. Delphinidin Inhibits HER2 and Erk1/2 Signaling and Suppresses Growth of HER2-Overexpressing and Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines[J]. Breast Cancer-Basic, 2011, 5: 143-154.
[7]Afaq F, Syed DN, Malik A, et al. Delphinidin, an anthocyanidin in pigmented fruits and vegetables, protects human HaCaT keratinocytes and mouse skin against UVB-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis[J]. J Invest Dermatol, 2007, 127(1): 222-232.
[8]Grotemeyer A, Alexander S, Friess L, et al. Delphinidin modulates neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits in a Parkinson's disease mouse model[J]. NPJ Parkinsons Dis, 2026, 12(1).

Delphinidin (chloride) 是一种常见的花青素单体形式之一，可以从浆果和红酒中分离得到^[1]。Delphinidin (chloride) 可通过调控JAK/STAT3与MAPK信号传导通路诱导HCT116细胞凋亡^[2]。Delphinidin (chloride) 还可阻断ERK通路激酶磷酸化并抑制JNK信号通路活化^[3]。

在体外，Delphinidin (chloride)（100μM）处理MSK细胞24h，有效抑制了由DBP诱导的腺嘌呤加合物的修复^[4]。Delphinidin (chloride)（10、20和30μM）处理MDA-MB-231细胞22h，显著抑制了细胞的迁移^[5]。Delphinidin (chloride)（50μg/mL和100μg/mL）处理三阴性乳腺癌细胞（MDA231、MDA468）及HER2阳性乳腺癌细胞（SKBR3、BT474）3-4周，可明显阻断乳腺癌细胞的非依赖生长与迁移能力^[6]。

在体内，Delphinidin (chloride)（15mg/kg/day）通过口服治疗APP/PS1模型小鼠8周，可有效改善小鼠的认知缺陷、减轻突触丢失和Aβ病理学^[7]。Delphinidin (chloride)（50μg/kg/day）通过腹腔注射治疗hαSYN小鼠9周，可显著下调小鼠先天免疫活性，抑制CD11b⁺小胶质细胞活化，同时增加抗炎型CD8⁺调节性T细胞数量，减轻多巴胺能神经损伤，恢复纹状体多巴胺代谢，缓解小鼠运动功能异常^[8]。