cGAMP (Cyclic GMP-AMPP) diammonium functions as an endogenous second messenger in metazoans and triggers interferon production in response to cytosolic DNA. cGAMP diammonium activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which activates a signaling cascade leading to the production of type I interferons and other immune mediators[1][2][3][4].
cGAMP diammonium promotes the antigen-specific proliferation capacity of spleen cells in mice[2].cGAMP diammonium directly activates murine and human dendritic cells in vitro[2].On stimulation with cGAMP diammonium, fibroblasts from the patients showed increased transcription of IFNB1 but not of the genes encoding interleukin-1 (IL1), interleukin-6 (IL6), or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)[3].cGAMP diammonium activates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident receptor STING, thereby inducing an antiviral state and the secretion of type I IFNs[4].
cGAMP (5 µg; nostril mucosal adjuvant) diammonium promotes the antigen-specific cytokine production by spleen cells of immunized mice[2].
[1]. Wu J, et al. Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate immune signaling by cytosolic DNA. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):826-30.
[2]. Skrnjug I, et al. Cyclic GMP-AMP displays mucosal adjuvant activity in mice. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 8;9(10):e110150.
[3]. Ablasser A, et al. Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cGAMP. Nature. 2013 Nov 28;503(7477):530-4.