25-hydroxycholesterol is a side-chain oxysterol produced by cholesterol metabolism and secreted by macrophages in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. 25-hydroxycholesterol effectively and selectively inhibits IgA production by B cells, with an EC50 of approximately 65nM[1]. 25-hydroxycholesterol directly regulates lipid metabolism and inflammatory response in hepatocytes through LXR/SREBP-1 and IκBα/NFκB signaling[2]. 25-hydroxycholesterol has antiviral effects and can also regulate transcriptional responses through AP-1 and act as an inflammatory amplifier [3].
In vitro, 25-hydroxycholesterol (5μM) stimulated mouse macrophages for 18 hours, and RNA expression was analyzed by microarray and seven members of the AP-1 family (Fos, Fosb, Fosl1, Fosl2, Jun, Junb, and Jund) was significantly up-regulated[3]. Treatment of splenic B220+ cells with 25-hydroxycholesterol (250 nM) for 6 days resulted in CSR inhibition, thereby inhibiting IgA secretion, but addition on days 4 and 5 had no effect because of the occurrence of Ig heavy chain site rearrangement[4]. 25-hydroxycholesterol (10−4, 10−5 and 10−6M) dose-dependently inhibits the growth of sparse smooth muscle cells in ethanol vehicles [5].
In vivo, 25-hydroxycholesterol (50 mg/kg; i.p.) upregulates Chop in the lungs of Ch25h–/– mice, as well as the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers BiP and Atf4 [6]. 25-hydroxycholesterol (1.5mg/kg; i.v.) can protect rhesus monkeys from ZIKV virus infection, and 25-hydroxycholesterol (50mg/kg; i.p.) can also prevent ZIKV infection in mice and prevent microcephaly symptoms [7] .
References:
[1] McDonald JG, et al. Editorial: 25-Hydroxycholesterol: a new life in immunology[J]. J Leukoc Biol. 2010 Dec;88(6):1071-1072.
[2] Xu L , Bai Q , Rodriguez-Agudo D ,et al. Regulation of Hepatocyte Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Response by 25-Hydroxycholesterol and 25-Hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate[J]. Lipids, 2010, 45(9): 821–832.
[3]Elizabeth S. Gold, Alan H. Diercks, Irina Podolsky, et al. 25-Hydroxycholesterol acts as an amplifier of inflammatory signaling[J]. PNAS, 2014,111 (29):10666-10671.
[4] Bauman D R , Bitmansour A D , Mcdonald J G ,et al.25-Hydroxycholesterol secreted by macrophages in response to Toll-like receptor activation suppresses immunoglobulin A production[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009, 106(39):16764-16769.
[5]Cox D C , Comi K , Goldstein A L .Effects of cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol on smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell growth[J].Lipids, 1988, 23(2):85-88.
[6]Madenspacher JH, Morrell ED, McDonald JG, et al. 25-Hydroxycholesterol exacerbates vascular leak during acute lung injury[J]. JCI Insight. 2023 10;8(7):e155448.
[7]Li C , Deng Y Q , Wang S ,et al.25-Hydroxycholesterol Protects Host against Zika Virus Infection and Its Associated Microcephaly in a Mouse Model.[J].Immunity, 2017, 46(3):446.
25-羟基胆固醇是胆固醇代谢生成的一种侧链氧甾醇，由巨噬细胞响应 Toll 样受体(TLR)激活分泌。25-羟基胆固醇有效且选择性抑制B细胞产生 IgA，EC50 约为65 nM[1]。25-羟基胆固醇通过LXR/SREBP-1和IκBα/NFκB信号直接调节肝细胞的脂质代谢和炎症反应[2]。25-羟基胆固醇具有抗病毒作用，还可以通过AP-1调节转录反应并作为炎症放大器[3]。
在体外，25-羟基胆固醇（5 μM）刺激小鼠巨噬细胞18 小时，并通过微阵列分析RNA表达，发现AP-1家族的7个成员（Fos、Fosb、Fosl1、Fosl2、Jun、Junb 和 Jund）显著上调[3]。25-羟基胆固醇（250 nM）处理脾B220 + 细胞6天，会导致CSR抑制，从而抑制了IgA的分泌，但在第4天和第5天添加则没有影响，因为 Ig重链位点发生了重排[4]。25-羟基胆固醇（10−4、10−5 和 10−6 M）在乙醇载体中剂量依赖性地抑制稀疏平滑肌细胞的生长[5]。
在体内，25-羟基胆固醇（50 mg/kg; i.p.）上调了Ch25h–/–小鼠肺部的Chop，以及内质网应激标记物BiP和Atf4[6]。25-羟基胆固醇（1.5mg/kg; i.v.）能保护恒河猴免受ZIKV病毒感染，25-羟基胆固醇（50mg/kg; i.p.）也能阻止ZIKV感染小鼠，防止小头畸形症状[7]。