Trigonelline-d3 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of trigonelline by GC- or LC-MS. Trigonelline is an alkaloid that has been found in L. japonicus and an active metabolite of niacin that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4 It increases levels of the brown fat marker proteins PRDM16, PGC-1α, and UCP1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes when used at a concentration of 75 µM.1 Trigonelline inhibits degranulation of, and decreases the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in, activated primary mouse bone marrow mast cells (BMMCs).2 In vivo, trigonelline (200 mg/kg) reduces serum IgE levels, pulmonary immune cell infiltration, and mucus secretion in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. It reduces serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and renal cell apoptosis, as well as increases protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in a rat model of high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic nephropathy when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg.3 Trigonelline (50 mg/kg) reduces hepatic de novo lipogenesis, induces hepatic autophagy, and prevents weight gain, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in a mouse model of high-cholesterol and high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4
1.Choi, M., Mukherjee, S., and Yun, J.W.Trigonelline induces browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytesPhytother Res.35(2)1113-1124(2021) 2.Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., et al.Trigonelline, an alkaloid from Leonurus japonicus Houtt., suppresses mast cell activation and OVA-induced allergic asthmaFront. Pharmacol.12687970(2021) 3.Li, Y., Li, Q., Wang, C., et al.Trigonelline reduced diabetic nephropathy and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γExp. Ther. Med.18(2)1331-1337(2019) 4.Sharma, L., Lone, N.A., Knott, R.M., et al.Trigonelline prevents high cholesterol and high fat diet induced hepatic lipid accumulation and lipo-toxicity in C57BL/6J mice, via restoration of hepatic autophagyFood Chem. Toxicol.121283-296(2018)