Taurocholic Acid (sodium salt) is a major bile acid in the form of conjugation with taurine and has significant biological activity [1]. Taurocholic Acid has immunomodulatory effects and can also be used to regulate bile acid metabolism [2-3].
In vitro, different concentrations of Taurocholic Acid (0.015μg/mL, 0.15μg/mL, 1.5μg/mL, and 15μg/mL; 48h) could dose-dependently inhibit the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in LPS-activated splenic lymphocytes [1]. After treatment of human PBMC cells with Taurocholic Acid (100μM) and IFN-α (1000U/ml) for 24 hours, the levels of cytokines and cytotoxic granules produced by CD3+CD8+ T cells and NK cells were lower than those stimulated by IFN-α alone, indicating that Taurocholic Acid has an immunomodulatory effect in vitro that inhibits IFN-α [4].
In vivo, Taurocholic Acid (100mg/kg; oral gavage; 2 weeks) could promote HBV replication by significantly reducing the percentages of NK and CD3+CD8+ T cells in C57BL/6 mice (tail vein injection of rAAV8-1.3HBV) [4]. After treatment of zebrafish embryos with inflammation models for 24 hours with Taurocholic Acid (10µg/mL), it significantly inhibited the upregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL-2 stimulated by LPS [5].
References:
[1] Wang C, Li L, Guan H, et al. Effects of taurocholic acid on immunoregulation in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;15(2):217-222.
[2] Xu J, Xie S, Chi S, et al. Protective effects of taurocholic acid on excessive hepatic lipid accumulation via regulation of bile acid metabolism in grouper[J]. Food & Function, 2022, 13(5): 3050-3062.
[3] Liu Z, Zhang Z, Huang M, et al. Taurocholic acid is an active promoting factor, not just a biomarker of progression of liver cirrhosis: evidence from a human metabolomic study and in vitro experiments[J]. BMC gastroenterology, 2018, 18(1): 112.
[4] Xun Z, Lin J, Yu Q, Liu C, Huang J, Shang H, Guo J, Ye Y, Wu W, Zeng Y, Wu S, Xu S, Chen T, Chen J, Ou Q. Taurocholic acid inhibits the response to interferon-α therapy in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B by impairing CD8+ T and NK cell function. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021 Feb;18(2):461-471.
[5] Ge X, Huang S, Ren C, et al. Taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid inhibit inflammation and activate farnesoid X receptor expression in LPS-stimulated zebrafish and macrophages[J]. Molecules, 2023, 28(5): 2005.
Taurocholic Acid (sodium salt)是一种牛磺酸结合形式的主要胆汁酸，具有显著的生物活性作用 [1]。Taurocholic Acid具有免疫调节作用，也可用于调节胆汁酸代谢 [2-3]。
在体外，不同浓度的Taurocholic Acid（0.015μg/mL、0.15μg/mL、1.5μg/mL和15μg/mL; 48h）能够剂量依赖性地抑制LPS激活的脾淋巴细胞的IL-1β和TNF-α水平 [1]。Taurocholic Acid（100μM）与IFN-α（1000U/ml）处理人PBMC细胞24小时后，CD 3+CD 8+T 细胞和 NK 细胞产生的细胞因子和细胞毒性颗粒水平低于单独使用IFN-α刺激的效果，表明Taurocholic Acid具有在体外抑制IFN-α的免疫调节作用 [4]。
在体内， Taurocholic Acid (100mg/kg; oral gavage; 2 weeks) 可通过显著降低C57BL/6小鼠 (尾静脉注射rAAV8-1.3HBV) 中NK和CD3+CD8+ T细胞的百分比来促进HBV复制 [4]。Taurocholic Acid（10µg/mL）治疗炎症模型的斑马鱼胚胎24小时，显著抑制了LPS刺激的IL-6、TNF-α和CCL-2上调 [5]。