Lewis X trisaccharide

Lewis X trisaccharide (Lewis X, Lex) is a potent TH2 regulator, antagonizes LPS-induced IL-12 immune expression. Lewis X trisaccharide is a human histo-blood group antigen, plays an key role in cell-cell adhesion, and servers as a tumor marker. Lewis X trisaccharide is highly expressed in the outer membrane of the parasite, can be used for the immunology research of schistosomiasis.

Lewis X trisaccharide-BSA (25 μg/mL; 30 min; before LPS stimulation of 10 ng/mL for 4 h) IL-12p40 and suppresses IL-12p70 protein expression induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)^[1].
Lewis X trisaccharide (2 μM; 30 min; before LPS stimulation of 10 ng/mL for 2 h) decreases nuclear NF-κB concentration in mice bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BDDCs)^[1].
Lewis X trisaccharide-BSA (25 μg/mL; 48 h) or Lewis X trisaccharide (5 μg/mL; 48 h) plus ovalbumin (OVA, 25 μg/mL) increases cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and INF-γ) level in mice splenocytes^[1].
Lewis X trisaccharide-containing glycoconjugates stimulates B cells to proliferate and to produce factors that down-regulates the TH₁ immune response and up-regulates the T_H2 immune response^[2].

Lewis X trisaccharide ( 5 μg, combinded with 50 μg ovalbumin; s.c.; once a week for 2 weeks) regulates IgE/T_H2 responses, and selectively increases the IgE and IgG1 responses in C3H mice, independent of the LPS-TLR4 signaling^[1].

References:
[1]. Hsu SC, et al. Antigen coupled with Lewis-x trisaccharides elicits potent immune responses in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Jun;119(6):1522-8.
[2]. van Roon AM, et al. Structure of an anti-Lewis X Fab fragment in complex with its Lewis X antigen. Structure. 2004 Jul;12(7):1227-36.
[3]. Topin J, et al. The Hidden Conformation of Lewis x, a Human Histo-Blood Group Antigen, Is a Determinant for Recognition by Pathogen Lectins. ACS Chem Biol. 2016 Jul 15;11(7):2011-20.