Kdo2-Lipid A (sodium salt)

Kdo₂-Lipid A is the active component of LPS.^[1] It selectively induces Il-6 expression in wild-type RAW 264.7 macrophages, but not Tlr4^-/- RAW 264.7 macrophages, when used at a concentration of 1 µg/ml. Kdo₂-Lipid A (100 ng/ml) increases the levels of prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂; ), PGE₂ , and Tnf-α in RAW 264.7 macrophages to a similar extent as LPS. It has been used in lipidomic studies to assess changes in lipid expression and metabolism induced by immune activation in macrophages.^2,3

References:
[1].Raetz, C.R.H., Garrett, T.A., Reynolds, C.M., et al.Kdo2-lipid A of Escherichia coli, a defined endotoxin that activates macrophages via TLR-4J. Lipid Res.471097-1111(2006).
[2].Harkewicz, R., Fahy, E., Andreyev, A., et al.Arachidonate-derived dihomoprostaglandin production observed in endotoxin-stimulated macrophage-like cellsJ. Biol. Chem.282(5)2899-2910(2007).
[3].Dennis, E.A., Deems, R.A., Harkewicz, R., et al.A mouse macrophage lipidomeJ. Biol. Chem.285(51)39976-39985(2010).