Kaempferol 3-glucuronide is a flavonol glycoside that has been found in Fragaria and an active metabolite of kaempferol that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4 It is formed from kaempferol primarily in the small intestine.2 Kaempferol 3-glucuronide (0.1, 1, and 10 ?M) induces Akt activity in mouse liver homogenates and increases glucose consumption in HepG2 cells.3 It inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by fMLP in isolated human neutrophils when used at concentrations of 1 and 10 ?M.4
1.Ryan, J.J.Flavonol glycosides of the cultivated strawberryJ. Food Sci.36(6)867-870(1971) 2.Zheng, L., Zhu, L., Zhao, M., et al.In vivo exposure of kaempferol is driven by phase II metabolic enzymes and efflux transportersAAPS J.18(5)1289-1299(2016) 3.Fang, G., Cheng, C., Zhang, M., et al.The glucuronide metabolites of kaempferol and quercetin, targeting to the AKT PH domain, activate AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway and improve glucose metabolismJ. Funct. Foods82104501(2021) 4.Granica, S., Czerwińska, M.E., ?y?yńska-Granica, B., et al.Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonol glucuronides from Polygonum aviculare L.Fioterapia91180-188(2013)