Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate (Potassium citrate monohydrate) is the major active ingredient of Garcinia cambogia and a derivative of citric acid. Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate competitively inhibits ATP citrate lyase with weight loss benefits. Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate effective inhibits stones formation and also inhibits HIF, and has antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects[1][2][3][4].
Hydroxycitric acid shows an HIF inhibitory effect compared with the control group in ARPE19 cells and 661W cells. Hydroxycitric acid can downregulate Hif1a and the downstream genes in ARPE19 cells and 661W cells. Hydroxycitric acid suppresses HIF-1α protein expression increased by CoCl2 administration in ARPE19 cells and 661W cells[2].In chicken hepatocytes, Hydroxycitric acid decreases the accumulation of lipid droplets and accelerated energy metabolism. Hydroxycitric acid protects the cells from ER stress by increasing the antioxidant status and mitochondrial functions[2].
Hydroxycitric acid (100-200 mg/kg) treatment could reduce markers of renal impairment (Blood Urea Nitrogen and serum creatinine). There is significantly less calcium oxalate crystal deposition in mice (male C57BL/6J mice) treated with Hydroxycitric acid. Hydroxycitric acid attenuates the oxidative stress induced by calcium oxalate crystallization. Hydroxycitric acid has inhibitory effects on calcium oxalate-induced inflammatory cytokines, such as MCP-1, IL-1 β, and IL-6. In addition, Hydroxycitric acid alleviates tubular injury and apoptosis caused by calcium oxalate crystals[1].The administration of Hydroxycitric acid can suppress body weight gain and fat accumulation in animals[3].
[1]. Liu X, et al. Hydroxycitric acid inhibits renal calcium oxalate deposition by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Curr Mol Med. 2020 Jan 3. [2]. Ibuki M, et al. Therapeutic Effect of Garcinia cambogia Extract and Hydroxycitric Acid Inhibiting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in a Murine Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Oct 11;20(20). pii: E5049. [3]. Han S, et al. Hydroxycitric Acid Tripotassium Inhibits Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation in the Drosophila Melanogaster Model of Hyperoxaluria. Med Sci Monit. 2019 May 17;25:3662-3667. [4]. Heymsfield SB, et al. Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998 Nov 11;280(18):1596-600.