Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) (22-51) is a pro-atherogenic 30-amino acid peptide corresponding to residues 22-51 of the GIP precursor protein proGIP that has been found in human plasma.[1] It induces IκB-α degradation and NF-κB nuclear translocation in macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells and isolated human aortic endothelial cells when used at a concentration of 1 µM. In vivo, GIP (22-51) increases atherosclerotic lesion area and plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice.
References:
[1].Masaki, T., Kodera, Y., Terasaki, M., et al.GIP_HUMAN[22-51] is a new proatherogenic peptide identified by native plasma peptidomicsSci. Rep.11(1)14470(2021).