Fluorofenidone (AKF-PD), an analogue of AMR69, shows equivalent antifibrotic activity, lower toxicity and longer half-life. Fluorofenidone (AKF-PD) attenuates the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis partly by suppressing NADPH oxidase and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway[1][2].
[1]. Qin J, et al. Fluorofenidone inhibits nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate oxidase via PI3K/Akt pathway in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2013 Oct;18(10):690-9. [2]. Lou Q, et al. Design, synthesis and antifibrotic activities of carbohydrate-modified 1-(substituted aryl)-5-trifluoromethyl-2(1H) pyridones. Molecules. 2012 Jan 17;17(1):884-96.