Gamma-glutamylcysteine (TFA) ((γ-glutamylcysteine (TFA)), an intermediate in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, is a dipeptide served as an essential cofactor for the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (TFA) also upregulates the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduces the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and attenuates the changes in metalloproteinase activity in oligomeric Aβ40-treated astrocytes[1]. IL-10 IL-6 IL-1β TNF-α
[1]. Braidy N, et al. The Precursor to Glutathione (GSH), γ-Glutamylcysteine (GGC), Can Ameliorate Oxidative Damage and Neuroinflammation Induced by Aβ40 Oligomers in Human Astrocytes. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019 Aug 8;11:177.