Lysozyme chloride is an orally active bacteriolytic enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes the β(1-4) glycosidic bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, thereby lysing Gram-positive bacteria[1-2]. Lysozyme chloride is a hydrochloride of a basic polypeptide obtained from albumen of hen's egg, and has an activity to hydrolyze mucopolysaccha- rides. Lysozyme chloride contains not less than 0.9mg (potency) of lysozyme per mg, calculated on the dried basis. Lysozyme chloride occurs as white, crystals, or crystalline or amorphous powder. Lysozyme chloride is freely soluble in water, and practically insoluble in ethanol (99.5). Lysozyme chloride is hygroscopic. The pH of a solution of Lysozyme Hydrochloride (3 in 200) is between 3.0 and 5.0. The optimal reaction temperature and pH are: 35°C, pH=6.2. Lysozyme chloride participates in the pathological processes of emphysema by downregulating the protective effect of hyaluronic acid, thereby enhancing elastase-induced damage to elastic fibers; Lysozyme chloride regulatory mechanisms in HIV infection have also been extensively studied[3-4].
In vitro, when Lysozyme chloride (1-40mg/mL) was applied to human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells for 24 hours, Lysozyme chloride did not show cytotoxicity. When combined with ascorbic acid (20mg/mL), Lysozyme chloride slightly stimulated cell proliferation without toxic effects[5]. In Vero cells treated with Lysozyme chloride (0.05-50mg/mL) for 72 hours, Lysozyme chloride significantly inhibited cell viability[6].
In vivo, after intravenous immunization of BALB/c mice with Lysozyme chloride (10µg per mouse), Lysozyme chloride induced specific humoral and cellular immune responses, promoting the proliferation of antigen-binding B cells and T cells in the spleen[7]. In mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Ravenel or H37Rv strains) and subcutaneously administered Lysozyme chloride (70-80mg per mouse, starting 30 minutes before infection and continuing for 4-14 days), the treatment failed to significantly extend survival time; in some experiments, Lysozyme chloride even shortened the median survival period and aggravated cardiac tuberculous lesions[8].
References:
[1] Banerjee P, Keener KM, Lukito VD. Influence of carbon dioxide on the activity of chicken egg white lysozyme. Poult Sci. 2011 Apr;90(4):889-95.
[2] Jing T, Du H, Dai Q, et al. Magnetic molecularly imprinted nanoparticles for recognition of lysozyme. Biosens Bioelectron. 2010 Oct 15;26(2):301-6.
[3] Cantor JO, Shteyngart B, Cerreta JM, et al. The effect of lysozyme on elastase-mediated injury. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2002 Feb;227(2):108-13.
[4] Sun B, Rempel HC, Pulliam L. Loss of macrophage-secreted lysozyme in HIV-1-associated dementia detected by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry. AIDS. 2004 Apr 30;18(7):1009-12.
[5] Maslii Y, Garmanchuk L, Ruban O, et al. The Study of the Cytotoxicity, Proliferative and Microbiological Activity of the Medicated Chewing Gum with Ascorbic Acid and Lysozyme Hydrochloride Using Different Culture of Cells. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jul 5;15(7):1894.
[6] Delbue S, Pariani E, Parapini S, et al. Heat-Treated Lysozyme Hydrochloride: A Study on Its Structural Modifications and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity. Molecules. 2023 Mar 21;28(6):2848.
[7] Charreire J, Faure A, Bach JF. Studies on B- and T-cell receptors for lysozyme. Immunology. 1975 Sep;29(3):423-32.
[8] WEISER RS, YOUMANS GP, YOUMANS AS, et al. Lysozyme treatment of tuberculous mice. J Infect Dis. 1958 Jan-Feb;102(1):53-9.
Lysozyme chloride是一种具有口服活性的杀菌酶，能够特异性水解细菌细胞壁肽聚糖层中N-乙酰胞壁酸与N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖之间的β(1-4)糖苷键，从而裂解革兰氏阳性菌[1-2]。Lysozyme chloride是由鸡蛋清中提取的的碱性多肽盐酸盐，具有水解粘多糖的活性。按干燥品计算，每毫克所含Lysozyme的效价不低于0.9mg。本品为白色结晶或结晶性/无定形粉末，易溶于水，几乎不溶于乙醇（99.5%），具引湿性。Lysozyme chloride（3单位溶于200毫升）的pH值介于3.0至5.0之间。最适反应条件为温度35℃、pH=6.2。Lysozyme chloride还可通过下调透明质酸的保护作用，增强弹性蛋白酶对弹性纤维的损伤，参与肺气肿的病理过程；同时其在HIV感染中的调节机制也被广泛研究[3-4]。
在体外，Lysozyme chloride（1-40mg/mL）处理人胚胎肾Hek293细胞24小时，Lysozyme chloride未显示细胞毒性，抗坏血酸（20mg/mL）联用可轻微刺激细胞增殖而无毒性作用[5]。Lysozyme chloride（0.05-50mg/mL）处理Vero细胞72小时，Lysozyme chloride显著抑制Vero细胞的活性[6]。
在体内，Lysozyme chloride（10μg/只）静脉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠后，可诱导特异性的体液和细胞免疫应答，Lysozyme chloride可诱导脾脏抗原结合性B细胞和T细胞的特异性增殖[7]。Lysozyme chloride（70-80mg/只）皮下注射处理感染结核分枝杆菌（Ravenel或H37Rv株）的小鼠（感染前30分钟至感染后开始给药，持续4-14天），Lysozyme chloride未能显著延长小鼠生存时间，甚至在某些实验中缩短了中位生存期并加重心脏结核病变[8]。