Daunorubicin-13C-d3 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of daunorubicin by GC- or LC-MS. Daunorubicin is an antitumor antibiotic.1 At 0.2-1 μM, daunorubicin induces apoptosis in mature monocytic U937 and myelocytic HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. However, immature AML cells (CD34+-KG1a, -KG1, or -HEL cells) appear resistant to apoptosis at similar concentrations.1 In mature AML cells, daunorubicin has been shown to trigger a reactive oxygen species-dependent sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway that activates the MEKK1-SEK1-JNK cascade leading to enhanced DNA binding activity of the transcription factor AP-1.2,1
|1. Laurent, G., and JaffrÉzou, J.P. Signaling pathways activated by daunorubicin. Blood 98(4), 913-924 (2001).|2. Bose, R., Verheij, M., Haimovitz-Friedman, A., et al. Ceramide synthase mediates daunorubicin-induced apoptosis: An alternative mechanism for generating death signals. Cell 82(3), 405-414 (1995).