Coppersensor 1 is a fluorescent sensor for selective and sensitive detection of copper(I) ions (Cu+) in biological samples, including live cells, with an excitation wavelength of 543nm and an emission wavelength of 576nm[1]. Coppersensor 1 comprising a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) chromophore coupled to a thioether-rich receptor, has a picomolar affinity for Cu+ with high selectivity over competing cellular metal ions. CS1 fluorescence increases up to 10-fold on binding to Cu+[2]. Copper is the third most abundant transition metal after iron and zinc, which plays a crucial role in the biological system as it is a cofactor of various human enzymes for pigment production, antioxidant, defense, and other metabolism[3]. Excess copper ions can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage bio-molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, leading to liver, kidney, and digestive disorders, whereas insufficient copper ion intake can lead to metabolic disorders of the brain and nervous system[4][5]. Coppersensor 1 can be applied in the research of cancer, antibacterial mechanisms, and neurodegenerative diseases[6-8].
References:
[1] Miller, E. W., Zeng, L., Domaille, D. W., & Chang, C. J. (2006). Preparation and use of Coppersensor-1, a synthetic fluorophore for live-cell copper imaging. Nature protocols, 1(2), 824–827.
[2] Zeng, L., Miller, E. W., Pralle, A., Isacoff, E. Y., & Chang, C. J. (2006). A selective turn-on fluorescent sensor for imaging copper in living cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(1), 10–11.
[3] Li, C., Li, Y., & Ding, C. (2019). The Role of Copper Homeostasis at the Host-Pathogen Axis: From Bacteria to Fungi. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(1), 175.
[4] Scolari Grotto, F., & Glaser, V. (2024). Are high copper levels related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases? A systematic review and meta-analysis of articles published between 2011 and 2022. Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine, 37(1), 3–22.
[5] Madsen, E., & Gitlin, J. D. (2007). Copper and iron disorders of the brain. Annual review of neuroscience, 30, 317–337.
[6] Hu, Y., Qian, Y., Wei, J., Jin, T., Kong, X., Cao, H., & Ding, K. (2021). The Disulfiram/Copper Complex Induces Autophagic Cell Death in Colorectal Cancer by Targeting ULK1. Frontiers in pharmacology, 12, 752825.
[7] Santo, C. E., Quaranta, D., & Grass, G. (2012). Antimicrobial metallic copper surfaces kill Staphylococcus haemolyticus via membrane damage. MicrobiologyOpen, 1(1), 46–52.
[8] Eskici, G., & Axelsen, P. H. (2012). Copper and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry, 51(32), 6289–6311.
Coppersensor 1是一种选择性灵敏检测生物样品（包括活细胞）中铜(I)离子（Cu+）的荧光传感器，激发波长543nm，发射波长576nm[1]。Coppersensor 1由一个硼二吡咯亚甲基（BODIPY）发色团与富含硫醚的受体耦合而成，对Cu⁺具有皮摩尔级亲和力，且在细胞内众多金属离子中对Cu⁺具有高选择性。当与Cu⁺结合时，CS1的荧光强度可增加高达10倍[2]。铜是铁和锌之后的第三大丰富过渡金属，在生物体系中发挥着关键作用，因为它是多种人类酶的辅因子，参与色素生成、抗氧化防御以及其他代谢过程[3]。过量的铜离子会生成活性氧（ROS），从而损伤蛋白质、核酸和脂质等生物分子，导致肝脏、肾脏和消化系统疾病，而铜离子摄入不足则会导致大脑和神经系统代谢紊乱[4][5]。Coppersensor 1可用于癌症、抗菌机制和神经退行性疾病的研究[6-8]。