Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride) is a high-valent cobalt-coordinated porphyrin compound [1]. Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride) helps alleviate immune-related renal injury by upregulating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective functions of HO-1 [2]. Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride) is often used to mimic the functions of heme-dependent enzymes such as cytochromes enzymes [3].
In human microvascular endothelial cells, HO-1 was significantly upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in cells treated with Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride) (10μM; 24h) [4]. In muscle-derived stem cells, a single exposure to Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride) (25μM; 24-96h) increased HO-1 protein expression and enzyme activity [5]. In HCT116, HT29 and DLD-1 cells, Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride) (30μM; 48h) treatment directly hindered the binding between HSP90 and HIF-1α [6]. In HaCaT cells, Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride) (10μM; 5d) treatment was found to enhance cell migration in high glucose media [7].
In HO-1−/− mice, Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride) (10mg/kg; ip; 5d) increases endogenous G‐CSF and mobilizes HSC and granulocytes to the blood [8]. In male Wistar rats, Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride) (125μmol/kg; sc; 5d) profoundly decreased the levels of hepatic microsomal heme [9]. In C57BL/6J mice, the highest G-CSF levels and numbers of mobilized leukocytes were observed in Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride) (10mg/kg; ip; 5d)-treated mice [10].
References:
[1]. Watkins S, Baron J, Tephly TR. Identification of cobalt protoporphyrin IX formation in vivo following cobalt administration to rats. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1980 Sep 1; 29(17): 2319-2323.
[2]. Lianos EA, Phung GN, Zhou J, et al. Cobalt Protoporphyrin IX Attenuates Antibody-Mediated, Complement-Dependent Podocyte Injury: Role of Cobalt and Porphyrin Moieties. Inorganics. 2025 Feb 23; 13(3): 66.
[3]. Tomaro ML, Frydman J, Frydman RB. Heme oxygenase induction by CoCl2, Co-protoporphyrin IX, phenylhydrazine, and diamide: evidence for oxidative stress involvement. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1991 May 1; 286(2): 610-617.
[4]. Loboda A, Jazwa A, Wegiel B, et al. Heme oxygenase-1-dependent and-independent regulation of angiogenic genes expression: effect of cobalt protoporphyrin and cobalt chloride on VEGF and IL-8 synthesis in human microvascular endothelial cells. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France). 2005 Sep 30; 51(4): 347.
[5]. Wilson HM, Welikson RE, Luo J, et al. Can cytoprotective cobalt protoporphyrin protect skeletal muscle and muscle-derived stem cells from ischemic injury?. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®. 2015 Sep; 473: 2908-2919.
[6]. Lee WH, Lee JM, Lim C, et al. Structural requirements within protoporphyrin IX in the inhibition of heat shock protein 90. Chemico-biological interactions. 2013 Jun 25; 204(1): 49-57.
[7]. Fang PH, Lai YY, Chen CL, et al. Cobalt protoporphyrin promotes human keratinocyte migration under hyperglycemic conditions. Molecular Medicine. 2022 Dec; 28(1): 71.
[8]. Szade A, Szade K, Nowak WN, et al. Cobalt protoporphyrin IX increases endogenous G‐CSF and mobilizes HSC and granulocytes to the blood. EMBO Molecular Medicine. 2019 Dec; 11(12): e09571.
[9]. Cheeseman KH, Albano EF, Tomasi A, et al. The effect of the administration of cobaltic protoporphyrin IX on drug metabolism, carbon tetrachloride activation and lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1984 Jul 1; 50(2): 143-151.
[10]. Bednarz A, Kozuch P, Kowalski K, et al. Dose-and time-dependent effects of cobalt protoporphyrin IX on granulocyte mobilization and metabolic markers in mice. bioRxiv. 2024 Oct 25:2024-10.
Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride)是一种高价钴配位卟啉化合物 [1]。Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride)通过上调HO-1的抗氧化、抗炎和细胞保护功能,有助于减轻免疫相关的肾脏损伤 [2]。Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride)常用于模拟血红素依赖性酶(如细胞色素)的功能 [3]。在人微血管内皮细胞中,经Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride)(10μM;24h)处理的细胞中,HO-1在mRNA和蛋白质水平上均显著上调 [4]。在肌肉来源的干细胞中,单次暴露于Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride)(25μM;24-96h)可增加HO-1蛋白表达和酶活性 [5]。在HCT116、HT29和DLD-1细胞中,Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride)(30μM;48h)处理直接抑制了HSP90与HIF-1α的结合 [6]。在HaCaT细胞中,Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride)(10μM;5d)处理可增强高糖培养基中的细胞迁移 [7]。在HO-1-/-小鼠中,Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride)(10mg/kg;ip;5d)可增加内源性G-CSF,并动员造血干细胞(HSC)和粒细胞入血 [8]。在雄性Wistar大鼠中,Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride)(125μmol/kg;sc;5d)显著降低了肝微粒体血红素水平 [9]。在C57BL/6J小鼠中,Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX (chloride)(10mg/kg;ip;5d)治疗的小鼠的G-CSF水平和动员白细胞数量最高 [10]。
















