C18 Ganglioside GM3-d3 (d18:1/18:0-d3) (ammonium salt, synthetic)

C18 Ganglioside G_M3-d₃ (d18:1/18:0-d₃) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of ganglioside G_M3 by GC- or LC-MS. Ganglioside G_M3 is a simple monosialoganglioside that demonstrates both antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in tumor cells by modulating cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.^1,2 When used at a concentration of 20 μM, it suppresses angiogenesis and reduces endothelial cell proliferation and migration by inhibiting VEGFR2 and Akt phosphorylation.¹ Furthermore, ganglioside G_M3 has been shown to induce the dissociation of the insulin receptor-caveolin-1 complex from lipid microdomains, functioning as an inhibitor of insulin signaling and contributing to insulin resistance.³