Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate is a paraben that has been found in Microbulbifer.1 It is active against the Gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis and S. aureus, yeast C. molischiana and S. cerevisiae, and fungi A. niger and P. chrysogenum (MICs = 75, 75, 60, 52, 55, and 45 mg/L, respectively). Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (300-1,000 ?M) decreases the viability of, and ATP and glutathione (GSH) levels in, HepG2 and human dermal fibroblast neonatal (HDFn) cells.2 It binds to estrogen receptors in a concentration-dependent manner and increases uterine weight in immature and ovariectomized rats.3 Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate has been found in influent and effluent wastewater.4 Formulations containing butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate have been used as preservatives in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals.
1.Peng, X., Adachi, K., Chen, C., et al.Discovery of a marine bacterium producing 4-hydroxybenzoate and its alkyl esters, parabensAppl. Environ. Microbiol.72(8)5556-5561(2006) 2.Kizhedath, A., Wilkinson, S., and Glassey, J.Assessment of hepatotoxicity and dermal toxicity of butyl paraben and methyl paraben using HepG2 and HDFn in vitro modelsToxicol. In Vitro55108-115(2019) 3.Routledge, E.J., Parker, J., Odum, J., et al.Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenicToxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.153(1)12-19(1998) 4.Wang, W., and Kannan, K.Fate of parabens and their metabolites in two wastewater treatment plants in New York state, United StatesEnviron. Sci. Technol.50(3)1174-1181(2016)