Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) is an adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5' position. It is produced by dephosphorylation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate by ATPases and can be converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ADP can also be metabolized to adenosine 5'-monophosphate and 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate (dADP). ADP can modulate several receptors, activating certain purinergic receptors (EC50 = 24 nM for P2Y1) and inhibiting others (IC50 = 67 nM for P2X2/3), inhibiting rat ecto-5'nucleotidase (Ki = 0.91 nM), and regulating the phosphorylation status of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).1,2,3,4
1.Azran, S., FÖrster, D., Danino, O., et al.Highly efficient biocompatible neuroprotectants with dual activity as antioxidants and P2Y receptor agonistsJ. Med. Chem.56(12)4938-4952(2013) 2.Baqi, Y., Lee, S.-Y., Iqbal, J., et al.Development of potent and selective inhibitors of ecto-5'-nucleotidase based on an anthraquinone scaffoldJ. Med. Chem.53(5)2076-2086(2010) 3.Jarvis, M.F., Bianchi, B., Uchic, J.T., et al.[3H]A-317491, a novel high-affinity non-nucleotide antagonist that specifically labels human P2X2/3 and P2X3 receptorsJournal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics310(1)407-416(2004) 4.Ruderman, N.B., Carling, D., Prentki, M., et al.AMPK, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndromeJ. Clin. Invest.123(7)2764-2772(2013)