Acetosyringone is a phenolic compound secreted by plant wounded tissues and is a specific agonist of the VirA/VirG two-component system[1]. Acetosyringone induces the activation of the VirA gene in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, triggering the autophosphorylation of VirA and the subsequent transfer of the phosphate group to the response regulator VirG. The phosphorylated VirG then activates the expression of all virulence (vir) genes on the Ti plasmid, thereby driving the processing, transfer, and stable integration of T-DNA into the plant genome[2]. Acetosyringone is widely used in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and plant antibacterial mechanism studies[3][4].
Pre-induction of Agrobacterium strains harboring pMDC45 with Acetosyringone (100μM; 24h) and 10mM D-glucose in TAP medium significantly enhanced the integration efficiency of GFP and HPT transgenes in Dunaliella salina during in vivo co-cultivation[5]. Incubation of G. intraradices spores with Acetosyringone (200μM, 2h) resulted in an overall increase in hyphal respiration and significantly induced the rapid expression of symbiotic related genes such as GiBP1[6].
Co-incubating Agrobacterium with 500μM acetosyringone for 2–4h, infiltrating the mixture into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and sampling at 4 dpi increased transient GUS expression about five-fold[7].
References:
[1] Xi J, Patel M, Dong S, Que Q, Qu R. Acetosyringone treatment duration affects large T-DNA molecule transfer to rice callus. BMC Biotechnol. 2018;18(1):48.
[2] Shaw CH. Swimming against the tide: chemotaxis in Agrobacterium. Bioessays. 1991;13(1):25-29.
[3] Sheikholeslam SN, Weeks DP. Acetosyringone promotes high efficiency transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Mol Biol. 1987;8(4):291-298.
[4] Szatmári Á, Móricz ÁM, Schwarczinger I, et al. A pattern-triggered immunity-related phenolic, acetosyringone, boosts rapid inhibition of a diverse set of plant pathogenic bacteria. BMC Plant Biol. 2021;21(1):153.
[5] Srinivasan R, Gothandam KM. Synergistic Action of D-Glucose and Acetosyringone on Agrobacterium Strains for Efficient Dunaliella Transformation. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0158322.
[6] Flores-Gómez E, Gómez-Silva L, Ruiz-Medrano R, Xoconostle-Cázeres B. Role of acetosyringone in the accumulation of a set of RNAs in the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Glomus intraradices. Int Microbiol. 2008;11(4):275-282.
[7] Norkunas K, Harding R, Dale J, Dugdale B. Improving agroinfiltration-based transient gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Methods. 2018;14:71.
Acetosyringone是植物受伤组织分泌的一种酚类物质，是VirA/VirG双组分系统的特异性激动剂[1]。Acetosyringone可诱导根癌农杆菌 （Agrobacterium tumefaciens）的VirA基因 活化，触发VirA自磷酸化并将磷酸基团传递给应答调节蛋白VirG；磷酸化的VirG随即激活Ti质粒上所有毒力（vir）基因的表达，进而驱动T-DNA的加工、转运及在植物基因组中的稳定整合[2]。Acetosyringone广泛应用于农杆菌介导的遗传转化和植物抗菌机制研究[3][4]。
用100μM Acetosyringone和10mM D-葡萄糖在TAP培养基中预诱导携带pMDC45的农杆菌菌株24小时，显著提高了GFP和HPT转基因在Dunaliella salina体内共培养中的整合效率[5]。 Glomus intraradices孢子与200μM Acetosyringone 共培养2小时导致菌丝呼吸速率整体增加，并显著诱导了与共生相关的基因（如GiBP1）的快速表达[6]。
将农杆菌与500μM Acetosyringone 共培养2–4小时，随后将混合物浸润到Nicotiana benthamiana 叶片中，并在4天后取样，叶片中GUS的瞬时表达量增加了约5倍[7]。